AVES. 55 



21. MOTACILLA. Bill slender, subulate, straight, 

 earinated, angulated between the nostrils, emarginated at the 

 tip ; the tomia of both mandibles slightly compressed in- 

 wards : tarsus considerably longer than the middle toe : 

 wings with the first quill extremely short; second and 

 third longest; one of the scapulars as long as the quills: 

 tail elongated, even. 



22. ANTHUS. Bill slender, straight, subulate to- 

 wards the extremity, with the tomia compressed inwards 

 about the middle ; upper mandible carinated at the base, 

 bending downwards at the tip, and slightly emarginated : 

 tarsus generally longer than the middle toe; hind claw 

 more or less produced : wings with the first quill abor- 

 tive ; second shorter than the third and fourth, which are 

 longest : two of the scapulars as long as the quills. 



23. SAXICOLA. Bill rather strong, straight, cari- 

 nated above, dilated at the base, advancing on the fore- 

 head ; upper mandible emarginated, slightly bending at the 

 tip : rictus with some stiff longish bristles : tarsi elevated ; 

 hind claw shorter than the toe : wings with the first quill 

 not half the length of the second; third and fourth long- 

 est : coverts and scapulars short. 



24. PARUS. Bill strong, short, straight, subconical, 

 slightly compressed, sharp-pointed, without any notch : nos- 

 trils basal, round, concealed by some short bristly feathers 

 reflected over them: tarsi robust: hind claw strongest, and 

 most hooked : wings with the first quill of moderate length ; 

 second shorter than the third ; fourth and fifth longest. 



(1. PARUS.) Bill moderate: tail slightly forked. 



(2. MECISTURA.) Bill very short : tail elongated, cuneiform. 



25. CALAMOPHILUS. Bill short, subconical, very 

 slightly compressed ; the upper mandible convex above, 

 curved at the extremity, and projecting over the lower 

 one, which is nearly straight : nostrils covered by reflected 

 bristles : tarsi slender : wings with the first quill very short, 

 almost abortive; fourth and fifth longest : tail elongated, 

 cuneiform. 



