AVES. 57 



moderate : wings with the first three quills nearly equal ; 

 second and third generally a little the longest : tail more 

 or less forked. 



(1. FRINGILLA.) Bill straight, perfectly conic, the cone rather 

 elongated, sharp-pointed; mandibles nearly equal, with the 

 tomia of the lower one a little inflected : first quill a little 

 shorter than the second and third, which are longest and 

 equal. 



(2. PYRGITA.) Bill strong, conic; the culmen somewhat arched, 

 and the tip a little obtuse ; lower mandible rather smaller than 

 the upper: three first quills nearly equal, longer than the 

 fourth. 



(3. COCCOTHRAUSTES.) Bill conic, very thick and strong ; the sides 

 bulging, and the culmen much rounded ; lower mandible 

 nearly equal to the upper, with the tomia inflected : wings 

 rather long, acuminated; first and fourth quills equal, shorter 

 than the second and third, which are longest. 



(4. CARDUELIS.) Bill straight, perfectly conic, the cone rather 

 elongated, much compressed at the tip, and sharp-pointed ; 

 upper mandible angulated at the base, and slightly sinuated: 

 wings moderate ; first quill a little shorter than the second and 

 third, which are nearly equal and longest. 



(5. LINARIA.) Bill straight, perfectly conic, short, compressed an- 

 teriorly, sharp-pointed ; commissure straight ; wings long, and 

 acuminated ; first three quills equal, longer than the fourth. 



30. PYRRHULA Bill short and thick, the sides 



inflated and bulging; upper mandible convex above, ad- 

 vancing on the forehead at the base, deflected at the tip 

 and overhanging the lower one : nostrils concealed by hairy 

 feathers directed forwards : wings rather short ; first quill 

 shorter than the second, which is longest ; third and fourth 

 nearly equal to the second. 



31. LOXIA Bill moderate, strong, thick at the 



base, much compressed anteriorly ; both mandibles equally 

 convex, hooked at the tips, and crossing each other when 

 at rest ; the tomia bending inwards : nostrils round, con- 

 cealed by bristly feathers directed forwards : wings with 

 the first and second quills equal, shorter than the third, 

 which is longest. 



(STURNID^E.) 



32. STURNUS Bill moderate, straight, subconic; 



depressed, especially at the tip, which is rather blunt; 



