58 AVES. 



upper mandible advancing on the forehead, the edges rather 

 dilated and extending beyond those of the lower : nostrils 

 basal, half closed by an arched membrane : tarsus longer 

 than the middle toe: wings long; first quill very short; 

 second longest; the rest gradually decreasing. 



33. PASTOR. Bill subconic, compressed, slightly 

 arched, the tip somewhat emarginated : nostrils basal, oval, 

 partly covered by a plumose membrane : feet robust ; tarsus 

 much longer than the middle toe : wings with the first quill 

 very short, almost abortive ; second and third longest. 



(CORVID^E.) 



34. FREGILUS Bill long, rather slender, arched 



from the base, a little compressed, subulate and pointed 

 at the extremity : nostrils basal, oval, concealed by reflected 

 bristles : feet robust ; tarsus longer than the middle toe : 

 wings long ; the fourth and fifth quills longest : tail square. 



35. CORVUS Bill strong, thick, convex above, com- 

 pressed at the sides, with the tomia sharp and cutting; 

 upper mandible slightly bending towards the tip ; lower 

 one nearly straight: nostrils basal, oval, generally con- 

 cealed by setaceous feathers directed forwards: wings 

 acuminated ; first quill much shorter than the second and 

 third ; fourth longest. 



(1. CORVUS.) Tail moderate, rounded. 

 (2. PICA.) Tail long, cuneiform. 



36. GARRULUS Bill rather short, strong, com- 

 pressed, clothed at the base with feathers directed for- 

 wards; both mandibles inclining equally towards the tip, 

 the upper one slightly emarginated : crown feathers long, 

 and capable of erection : wings rounded ; fifth and sixth 

 quills longest : tail moderate, square, or slightly rounded. 



37. NUCIFRAGA. Bill long, and straight; upper 

 mandible rounded, and longer than the lower one ; both of 

 them terminating in a slightly obtuse and depressed point : 



