AVES. 59 



nostrils basal, round, covered by reflected feathers : wings 

 rather acuminated ; first quill shorter than the second and 

 third ; fourth longest : tail rounded. 



III. SCANSORES. Bill various: feet short; 

 adapted for climbing; toes four, two each 

 > or three in front and one behind. 



* Bill straight, robust: feet zygodactyle. 

 (PICIDJE.) 



38. PICUS -- Bill robust, long, straight, angular, 

 compressed, cuneated at the tip : tongue long and exten- 

 sile, lumbriciform, the tip barbed : nostrils concealed by 

 reflected bristly feathers : wings with the first quill very 

 short ; fourth and fifth longest : feet robust : tail feathers 

 stiff, and pointed at the extremity. 



39. YUNX -- Bill short, straight, somewhat conical, 

 depressed, rounded above, the tip sharp and pointed : 

 tongue long and extensile, lumbriciform : nostrils naked, 

 partly closed by a membrane : wings moderate ; first quill 

 a little shorter than the second, which is longest: tail 

 feathers soft and flexible. 



** Bill generally slender : feet anisodactyle. 

 (CERTHIID.E.) 



40. CERTHIA -- Bill moderate, slender, arcuate, 

 compressed, angulated above, sharp-pointed : tongue short : 

 nostrils naked, partly covered by an arched membrane: 

 wings with the first quill very short ; fourth longest : hind 

 toe strong, and longer than the others: tail feathers stiff 

 and pointed at the extremity, deflected. 



41. TROGLODYTES. Bill slender, slightly com- 

 pressed, a little arcuate : nostrils basal, oval, partly covered 

 by an arched naked membrane : wings short, and rounded ; 

 first quill very short ; second shorter than the third ; fourth 

 and fifth equal and longest : tail short, rounded, carried erect, 



