178 URINALYSIS. 



normal; if heavy, increased; and if no precipitate, there is a de- 

 crease. 



7. Sulphates. The total amount of sulphuric acid in combina- 

 tion excreted by an adult in twenty-four hours is between two and 

 three grams. An increase of sulphates occurs in serious stoppages 

 of the food in the intestines, the pus forming diseases, as in fetid 

 bronchitis, diphtheria, etc., and in acute fevers, meningitis, and 

 rheumatism. They may be detected by adding to a portion of the 

 urine one-third the amount of barium chloride acidulated with hy- 

 drochloric acid. A white, milky precipitate indicates the presence 

 of sulphates. An approximate quantitative determination may be 

 made as follows : To 10 c.c. of urine add 3 c.c. of barium chloride 

 solution, which is prepared by mixing four parts of barium chloride, 

 one part of hydrochloric acid, and sixteen parts of distilled water. 

 If a milky turbidity results, the quantity of sulphates is normal; 

 if the precipitate is heavy, having the consistency of cream, it is in- 

 creased. 



Laboratory exercise No. 67. Chemical examination. Make an analy- 

 sis of a sample of urine by the chemical tests suggested above. Write 

 out your analysis in systematic form. 



3. MICROSCOPICAL URINALYSIS. 



The microscopical examination of urine is of value in confirming 

 the results of physical and chemical analyses and in throwing light 

 upon certain pathological conditions light obtainable from no 

 other source. The sediments of urine may be organized or unorgan- 

 ized. Organized sediments comprise epithelium, blood, pus, tubu- 

 lar casts, spermatozoa, bacteria, and vermes. The unorganized 

 sediments comprise crystals of the phosphates, urates, etc., amor- 

 phous compounds, and inorganic concretions. 



UNORGANIZED SEDIMENTS. 



Among some of the forms of crystals which may be demonstrated 

 by microscopical urinalysis are those of calcium oxalate (Fig. 1), 

 triple phosphate (Fig. 2), uric acid (Fig. 3), leucin and tyrosin 

 (Fig. 4), nitrate of urea (Fig. 5), calcium sulphate (Fig. 6), cal- 

 cium phosphate (Fig. 7), and hamiin (Fig. 8). 



