ORGANIZED SEDIMENTS. 183 



Epithelial casts (Fig. 12) result from the disintegration of the 

 epithelium of the renal tubules; their presence indicates nephritis 

 and other kidney infections. 



Granular casts (Fig. 15) result from the disintegration of pas, 

 epithelium, and blood, and are indicative of pathological conditions 

 of the kidney. 



Fatty casts are the result of changes in the kidney which indicate 

 the destruction of the protoplasm of the cells. 



Hyaline casts (Fig. 11) are probably produced by the coagulation 

 of certain elements of the blood which have gained access to the 

 renal tubules. They are almost colorless and difficult of demon- 

 stration; their presence indicates interstitial-nephritis. 



5. Bacteria. Normal urine is free from bacteria, The species 

 most commonly met with in pathological urine are Micrococcus 

 urece, Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, albus, and citreus, Strepto- 

 coccus pyogenes and Bacillus coli commune. Bacillus tuberculosis 

 is of occasional occurrence. These organisms can be demonstrated 

 by the usual methods of staining. 



6. Vermes. Two species of vermes are of occasional occurrence 

 namely, Distoma hwrnatobium and Filaria sanguinis Jiominis. 



Laboratory exercise No. 70. Make a complete analysis of some sam- 

 ple of urine, and fill out the form presented on pages 184-185. 



MEMORANDA. 



