HOR TICUL TURK B V IRRIGA TION. 



263 



Following will be found formula for preparing 

 most of the spraying compounds recommended in 

 the foregoing table, and the list, including the lime, 

 sulphur and salt mixture previously given in these 

 columns, should be scrupulously preserved for refer- 

 ence. 



BORDEAUX MIXTURE Copper sulphate, 6 pounds; quicklime, 

 4 pounds; water, 40 gallons. Dissolve the C9pper sulphate by 

 putting in a bag of coarse cloth and hanging this in a vessel hold- 

 ing at least four gallons, so that it is just covered by the water. 

 Use an earthen or wooden vessel. Slake the lime in an equal 

 amount of water. Then mix the two and add enough water to 

 make 40 gallons. It is then ready for immediate use. For rots, 

 molds, mildews, and all fungus diseases. 



AMMONIACAL COPPER CARBONATE Copper carbonate, 1 ounce' 

 ammonia, enough to dissolve the copper; water, 9 gallons. The 

 copper carbonate is best dissolved in large bottles, where it will 

 keep indefinitely, and it should be diluted with water as re- 

 quired. For same purposes as Bordeaux. 



COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION Copper sulphate, 1 pound; 

 water, 15 gallons. Dissolve the copper sulphate in water when it 

 is ready for use. This should never be applied to foliage, but 

 must be used before the buds break. For peaches and nectarines, 

 use 25 gallons of water. For fungus diseases. 



PARIB GREEN Paris green, 1 pound; water, 250 gallons. If 

 this mixture is to be used upon peach trees, 1 pound quicklime 

 should be added. Repeated applications will injure most foliage 

 unless lime is added. Paris green and Bordeaux can be used 

 together with perfect safety. The action of neither is weakened, 

 and the Paris green loses all caustic properties. For insects 

 which chew. 



'LONDON PURPLE This is used in the same proportion as Paris 

 green, but as it is more caustic, it should be applied with the lime 

 or with the Bordeaux mixture. Do not use it on peach or plum. 

 For insects which chew. 



HELLEBORE Fresh white hellebore, 1 ounce; water, 3 gallons* 

 Apply when mixed. For insects which chew. 



KEROSENE EMULSION Hard soap, % pound; boiling water, 1 

 gallon; kerosene, 2 gallons. Dissolve the soap in the water, add 

 the kerosene, and churn with a pump for five to ten minutes. 

 Dilute ten to fifteen times before using For insects which suck, 

 cabbage worms and all insects which have soft bodies. For 

 aphides or plant lice use kerosene emulsion on all plants. Black 

 knots on plums or cherries should be cut out and burned as soon 

 as discovered. 



While in some cases it will be found too late to use 

 the remedies prescribed this season, yet the table 

 should be put aside to be referred to at some 

 later period this year or early next summer. 

 It will surely be needed. It might at times be 

 found necessary to make one or two more appli- 

 cations of the remedies prescribed, but it will 

 generally result that not more than four spray- 

 ings will be required. A number of appliances 

 are made for administering the remedies, and spray 

 pumps of proved efficiency are not hard to find at 

 reasonable prices. The number of trees to be treated 

 would generally dictate the character and capacity of 

 the spraying appliance demanded. For small orchards 

 hand pumps carried by the operator will no doubt be 

 found effective, while for large areas the pumps and 

 spray materials should be carried on wagons. In 

 such cases it is sometimes found economical to have 

 sufficient apparatus to spray two or more rows of 

 trees at once as the vehicle is moved along by the 

 team at a brisk walk. In the preparation of the vari- 

 ous compounds great care should be taken to follow 

 closely the directions given, for the formulae have 

 been arrived at by careful experiments and are as 

 nearly what they should be as is possible with present 



experience. If weaker solutions are used, spray 

 oftener. It may not be out of place to say in this con- 

 nection that certain demagogic efforts have been 

 made to cut off or abolish the work of the Experiment 

 Stations. Every farmer and fruit grower should de- 

 mand that they be maintained. They are of the 

 utmost value, and should be liberally and loyally sus- 

 tained. 



IRRIGATING HILLSIDES. 



In irrigating hillside orchards, great care should be 

 exercised lest much of the best soil, as well as the 

 manures applied, be washed away. With slopes at 

 all pronounced, great care should be taken to draw 

 the irrigating furrows across the slopes in such direc- 

 tion as may insure a proper flow without the danger 

 of washing. No definite rule can be given for this, 

 but a little experience and training of the eye to 

 judge of the proper declivity to insure a safe flow of 

 water, will soon tell the careful cultivator in what 

 direction to run his irrigating furrows, if the water be 

 applied in that manner. 



It is always better, at least in most soils found in 

 the arid regions, to compel the irrigating water to 

 move slowly in the orchard, thus allowing it to be 

 absorbed by the soil, and there should be, and need 

 be, but very little waste water if it is properly applied 

 and looked after during the period of irrigating the 

 orchard. It will generally be found in the interest of 

 economy to have the best attainable appliances for 

 regulating the supply of water from the head flume 

 or ditch to the irrigating furrows. 



THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 



The so-called San Jose scale has gained something 

 of a foothold in some orchards east of the Rocky 

 mountains and some alarm is thus felt by orchardists 

 liable to the invasion of this very pernicious insect. 

 In view of the presence of this pest in Eastern 

 orchards, having no doubt been introduced from the 

 Pacific coast region through the importation of trees, 

 the department of agriculture has taken the matter 

 in hand and given a history and full description of 

 the insect as well as remedies to be used against it. 

 Unfortunately, the remedy most strongly recom- 

 mended by the department is the least effective, so 

 far as experience on the Pacific coast taught the best 

 methods of eradication of this devastating insect. The 

 best remedy against the San Jose scale, as well as 

 against many fungus diseases of fruit trees is the 

 lime, sulphur and salt mixture, the formula for 

 whose preparation was fully given in the March 

 number of THE IRRIGATION AGE. This formula is 

 one of the most valuable known to orchardists and 

 should be carefully preserved for reference, It will 

 certainly be needed. 



