THE DIVERSIFIED FARM. 



61 



in preventing the animals from rooting up and eating 

 the alfalfa roots. No amount of rings would prevent 

 this, and ultimately I had to cut the hard gristle of 

 their snouts, for which, you know, a special little 

 machine is sold." 



Fresh drinking water is essential, as hogs will not 

 thrive on dirty water, any more than humans. 



A Blackberry -Raspberry Cross. E. S. Car- 

 mon, an expert hybridizer, tried long to cross the 

 raspberry and blackberry, and while he succeeded in 

 making the cross, yet the hybrid was worthless. A 

 recent discovery in California seems to indicate that 

 Mr. Carmen's failure was possibly due to the selec- 

 tion of parents lacking a proper affinity. Charles 

 Howard Shinn describes in Garden and Foreit a 

 natural hybrid between the species, as follows: 



" The Loganberry originated several years ago in 

 the garden of Judge J. H. Logan, of Santa Cruz, from 

 self-sown seeds of the Auginbaugh, springing up in 

 the moist, warm soil of that sheltered district. The 

 other parent is supposed to be a raspberry of the Red 

 Antwerp type. Raspberries of several sorts grow 

 alongside, and, in fact, intermingled. The Logan- 

 berry shows so clearly the mingling of both types 

 that no horticulturist who studies the fruit has 

 doubted that it is a true hybrid of the Auginbaugh 

 blackberry with some large, red, European raspberry. 

 The result is a very sturdy plant of rambling or trail- 

 ing growth, needing support to be at its best, but, 

 even in this dry climate, it is a vine of unusual sub- 

 stance and healthfulness, resembling the Auginbaugh 

 blackberry, but really distinguished from it in the 

 field. The berry is large and solid, resembling the 

 Auginbaugh in shape and retaining its delicious, 

 wild flavor; it is dark red to purple when fully ripe, 

 and shows its texture in the easy slipping from the 

 core, and partly in flavor the raspberry parentage. 



Tests made in different soils and in some very dry 

 situations have shown, so far, that the Loganberry 

 will grow and bear a fair amount of fruit in localities 

 where the gooseberry, currant, high-bush varieties of 

 blackberries and dewberries have entirely failed. As 

 I have said, plants of Rubus ursinus are sometimes 

 found thriving very well on dry hillsides, with scrub 

 oak and chaparral, but seldom bear fruit to any 

 extent in such arid places. In other words, some in- 

 dividuals of this variable species of Rubus grow in 

 very hot, arid and barren places, and the original 

 Auginbaugh, though found on a sandy peninsula, 

 near the bay, instead of on a hillside, seems to have 

 had the power to transmit this resistant quality, to- 

 gether with an increased productiveness. The Logan- 

 berry is now grown for market, and the results are 

 said to be gratifying, both in regard to price and 

 yield. 



Grape Trellising.T. V. Munson, of Texas, has 

 done much for grape culture. His system of trellis- 

 ing is a minor item of his work, but a very important 

 one. It has been the subject of comparative tests at 

 the Oklahoma Experiment Station, and has proven so 

 successful that Prof. Waugh unhesitatingly recom- 

 mends it for general adoption. In this system the posts 

 stand six feet out of the ground. At the top a cross- 

 piece, two feet long, is nailed, and at each end of this 

 a wire is run. A third wire is run through the middles 

 of the posts eight inches below these two, so that the 

 three wires set in a sort of a broad V -shape, nearly 

 six feet from the ground. This great height is an 

 essential feature of the system, and should not be 

 modified. On this trellis the grapevines spread out 



like they do where they grow wild in the woods. This 

 furnishes a shade for the fruit. At the same time the 

 fruit is so far above ground as to be safe from the in- 

 tense reflected rays of the sun, which is apt to cause 

 damage in the hot summers of the arid region. 



Operating Incubators. The following con- 

 densed rules are from the Standard American Poultry 

 Book: 



1. Keep the temperature as near 103 degrees as 

 possible. 



2. Turn the eggs twice a day. 



3. Cool them well once a day. 



4. Place wet sponges in the egg drawer from which 

 to impart moisture. 



5. Avoid handling the eggs, use gloves if necessary. 



6. Allow plenty of ventilation in the room where 

 the machine is operated. 



7. When the chicks are coming out do not open the 

 drawer, as cool air then is injurious. 



8. Let the chicks dry well before removing them to 

 the brooder. 



9. Select eggs only from strong, healthy stock, re- 

 jecting those that are very small,very large, mis- 

 shapen, or otherwise imperfect. 



10. Keep strangers away, especially if they wish to 

 inspect the egg drawer. 



11. Have regular hours for doing all the work. 



12. Do not believe that a child can manage it. 

 Persons beginning with incubators will probably have 

 little success in operating them at first, but should 

 not become discouraged. No one can take a new 

 machine and run it successfully until he has learned 

 to manage it. Regulating the heat and amount of 

 moisture can only be learned by experience. 



Root-pruning acts like magic sometimes in bring- 

 ing barren trees into bearing state, especially when 

 unfruitfulness is brought about by undue luxuriance. 

 When trees are making very strong shoots they are 

 found on examination to be making roots in propor- 

 tion, and so long as this goes on fruit prospects are 

 very much jeopardized. Every observing fruit grower 

 knows of orchards that are not doing their duty for 

 this very reason. It is the small, fibrous roots which 

 command the formation of fruit spurs, and in some 

 soils there is difficulty of maintaining a fruitful con- 

 dition. In orchards where the surface is light and 

 open, with a clayey subsoil, there is a great tendency 

 for the roots to go deep in search of moisture, especi- 

 ally if the aspect is at all open or windy. With soils 

 of this description mulching is of considerable value, 

 of no matter what kind. The trees should be examined 

 for a big tap-root and if such be found it should be 

 given the chisel, for if left to remain the tree will be 

 a shy bearer. Field and Farm. 



A Valiant Woman Worker. Could every 

 State of Arid America have in Chicago such a repre- 

 sentative as Washington has in Mrs. Alice Houghton 

 of Spokane, who also won brave laurels in the wom- 

 en's department at the World's Fair, then those 

 States would be well represented indeed. Mrs. 

 Houghton lately delivered an able lecture on W 7 ash- 

 ington to an audience which nearly filled Central 

 Music Hall, and she wins friends for her State by 

 tens and scores and hundreds. Her successful deals 

 in real estate win the respect and admiration of her 

 sharpest male competitors. Yet withal, she is a wom- 

 anly woman, always a lady, genial, easy and ap- 

 proachable. 



