THE FRUIT. 



41 



rant (Fig. 79), huckleberry, tomato, and grape. The strawberry, black- 

 berry, and raspberry are not, botanically, berries, as will appear later. 



The pepo is the kind of fruit found in the gourd family ; it is com- 

 monly hard without and softer within. 



The pome finds its type in the apple, in which the mass of tissue is 

 composed of the thickened, adherent calyx, the thin pods containing the 

 seeds being the only representatives of the pistil. 



The stone-fruit is technically known as a drupe. It comprises an 

 outer fleshy portion enclosing a stone or putamen, containing the seed 

 (Figs. 80 and 81). 



Dry fruits are those in which the pericarp retains an herbaceous text- 

 ure during its development, and results in a membranous or hardened 

 coating to the seed. In some of these the pericarp opens at maturity and 



FIG. 80. Cherries. Example of i 

 drupe. 



FIG. 81. Vertical section of 

 a cherry. 



Fio. 82. Achenium of a com- 

 posite plant. 



permits the seeds to escape ; such fruits are termed dehiscent. In others, 

 as well as in all fleshy and stone-fruits, the pericarp remains closed ; these 

 are termed indehiscent. 



Of indehiscent dry fruits a common form is the achenium, or 

 akene, a 1-seeded fruit, appearing like a seed, but being covered closely 

 by the pericarp. Of this kind are all the fruits of the composites (Fig. 

 82) and many of the ranunculacece. The real botanical fruit of the straw- 

 berry is also an achenium, for each of the so-called seeds is an achenium 

 immersed in the fleshy, edible receptacle (Fig. 83). In the raspberry and 

 blackberry each grain is a minute berry or stone-fruit surrounded by a 

 fleshy mass, in the one case separable from the receptacle, in the other 

 fused with it (Figs. 84 and 85). 



The achenia of the composite are commonly crowned with a tuft of 

 bristles or hairs, termed the pappus (Fig. 82), designed to favor their 



