BACTERIOLOGY OF WHOOPING-COUGH 31 



fore, unless accompanied by careful bacteriological examinations, 

 are of little value. This is mentioned because in the literature, even 

 of late years, so much is written upon influenza without definite 

 knowledge of the presence of influenza bacilli. 



Besides influenza, in which hemophilous bacilli occur, and are 

 the probable, but not the demonstrated, cause of the disease, there 

 are numerous other diseases in which hemophilous bacilli, usually 

 called influenza or pseudo-influenza organisms, have been frequently 

 found. A brief resume* of the more important literature upon this 

 point will here be given. 



Pfeiffer, as already stated, found what he called pseudo-influenza bacilli in broncho- 

 pneumonia, and distinguished them from influenza by their greater size and their 

 tendency to form threads. Numerous writers since that time have noted the marked 

 tendency to form threads in bacilli from cases of influenza, and have also noted 

 considerable variation in size in various strains of such organisms. Also, attention 

 has been called to the occurrence in other conditions of bacilli not differing morphologi- 

 cally from Pfeiffer's influenza bacillus. Pfeiffer's distinction, therefore, between the 

 bacilli from influenza cases and those from other sources does not appear to hold true, 

 and the pseudo-influenza, for the present, must be considered identical with the influ- 

 enza bacillus. Elmassian found influenza bacilli in acute bronchitis, tuberculosis, 

 and pneumonia. Rosenthal 1 found them in 15 out of 19 cases of broncho-pneumonia, 

 nearly pure in two. Susswein 2 obtained them in 10 out of 21 cases of measles. Lo ^1,3 

 in a very valuable paper, reports his findings in diseases of the respiratory tract, chiefly 

 acute and chronic bronchitis. He obtained influenza bacilli in every way correspond- 

 ing to Pfeiffer's bacillus in 56 out of 186 cases (30 per cent), and in 47 cases the bacilli 

 were in overwhelming numbers. These cases were examined at a time when there 

 was prevalent no epidemic of any acute respiratory disease. Smith* found influenza 

 bacilli five times in 73 cases of lobar pneumonia. LeinerS obtained them constantly 

 from the bronchial secretion and lungs of 1 1 postmortem cases of diphtheria. Neisser 6 

 found them in cases of measles, scarlet fever, and whooping-cough. Jehle? found 

 influenza bacilli in postmortems as follows: In 48 cases of scarlatina, ig times in the 

 lungs, six times in the tonsils, and 22 times in the blood; in nine cases of varicella, 

 nine times in the lungs and five times in the blood; in 24 cases of pertussis, 24 times in 

 the lungs and 12 times in the blood; in 15 cases of diphtheria, nine times in the lungs 

 and five times in the blood. Liebscher, 8 in 57 cases of measles, found influenza 

 bacilli 1 1 times, and in 60 cases of scarlatina found them three times. He examined only 

 the nasal secretions. Auerbacho found, in swabs from the tonsils and larynx of 700 

 cases of acute infectious diseases, the influenza bacillus 12 times in diphtheria, three 

 times in scarlatina, six times in what he calls diphtheria-scarlatina, seven times in 

 diphtheria-morbilli, and 10 times in anginas. Kleinenberger 10 found hemophilous 



1 Compt. rend, de la Soc. Biol., 1900, 52, p. 226. 6 Deutsche med. Wchnschr., 1903, 29, p. 462. 



Wiener klin. Wchnschr., 1901, 14, P- H49- 7 Ztschr. }. Heilkunde, 1901, 22, p. 190. 



3 Brit. Med. and Surg. Jour., 1905, 152, p. 537- 8 Prager med. Wchnschr., 1903, 28, p. 99- 



4 Jour. Boston Soc. of Med. Sc., 3, p. 274. 9 Ztschr. }. Hyg., 1905, 47, P- 259- 



s Wiener klin. Wchnschr., 1901, 14, p. 1001. I0 Deutsche med. Wchnschr., 1905, 31, P- 575 



