6 DAVID J. DAVIS 



except that it grows on serum media. He found it in eight out of 32 cases of whooping- 

 cough, and also obtained it from cases of acute bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, 

 and pneumonia. He thinks it very probable that it is the same as Pfeiffer's bacillus, 

 which he likewise tested, and found that it also would grow upon his serum agar. He 

 does not consider it proved that influenza is caused by Pfeiffer's organism. Animal 

 experiments were for the most part negative. He questioned its etiological significance 

 for whooping-cough. There can be little doubt that this organism is the same as that 

 described by Spengler, and later by Jochmann and Krause. 



Luzzatto's Bacillus minutissimus sputi* corresponds to Elmassian's bacillus in 

 practically every respect. He studied 41 cases. He also described an organism 

 resembling the pneumococcus. 



Arnheim,3 in 1900, using Czaplewski's technique, found Czaplewski and Hensel's 

 organism both in sputum of patients and in two out of three autopsies. In 1903 he 

 reported his findings in eight autopsies. He claims to have cultivated the organism 

 from the lung tissue and tracheal .mucus. In sections he observed the bacteria espe- 

 cially in the wall of the trachea, in the lungs, and in great numbers in the large des- 

 quamated epithelfal cells. The organisms grow on ordinary media, and his cultures 

 show very irregular coccus forms, thread forms, with enlarged ends, and various 

 involution forms. With Gram's method of staining, he says that some of the organisms 

 stain and some do not. 



Jochmann and Krause,4 in 1901, found influenza-like bacilli in sputum of pertussis 

 cases which belonged to three distinct classes (A, B, C) as determined by their reac- 

 tion to Gram's stain and by their biological properties. In 18 out of 31 cases, among 

 which were three autopsies, were found small, non-Gram-staining, influenza-like 

 bacilli (Class A), which grew only in the presence of hemoglobin. This organism 

 they called Bacillus pertussis Eppendorf. In four cases they found similar bacilli 

 (Class B), which, however, grew on hemoglobin-free media. They considered this 

 organism the same as that described by Czaplewski and Hensel, and thought, because 

 so infrequently found, that it could not be the cause of pertussis. In three cases they 

 found a Gram -staining bacillus (Class C) growing without the presence of hemoglobin. 

 The occurrence of these various forms in pertussis, they think, explains the discordant 

 results of the previous investigations. In 1903 JochmannS reports finding the B. 

 pertussis Eppendorf altogether in 60 cases and in 23 autopsies. He does not report 

 further findings of organisms belonging to the Classes B and C. He says that one 

 has as much right to consider this bacillus the cause of whooping-cough as to consider 

 the influenza bacillus the cause of influenza. 



In 1903, Reyher 6 reports the constant presence of Czaplewski's " Polbacterium " 

 in 34 cases of pertussis. He found them in sputum, once in pus from the ear, some- 

 times in the nasal secretion, in the mucus of the larynx and trachea of nine autopsies, 

 and in one instance saw them in sections of the larynx and trachea in the epithelial 

 cells. He states that the organism destains by Gram. He cannot confirm Joch- 

 mann's work. His report in many respects is very indefinite. 



In 1903 Neisser, 1 from conjunctivitis in measles, obtained B. xerosis and an influ- 

 enza organism which he cultivated together for 20 generations on plain agar. He tested 

 strains from pertussis, scarlet fever, and measles, and could not detect any difference 



1 Ann. de I'Inst. Past., 1899, 13, p. 621. * Centralbl. }. Bakt., 1900, 27, p. 817. 



3 Berl. klin. Wchnschr., 1900, 37, p. 703; also Virchow Archiv, 1903, 174, p. 530. 



*Ztschr., f. Hyg., 1901, 36, p. 193. s Ibid., 1903, 44, p. 513. 



6 Jahrbuch }. Kindcrh., 1903, 58, p. 605. 



