33 



KEY TO CORMORANTS (Cont.) 



4 Bill length 64-80 mm; tarsus 59-72 mm; bill 3.8 - 4.3 times longer 

 than deep at base (Plate 9-3); feathers of chin tan; throat pouch 

 may be blue; long, thin white plumes may extend backward from sides 



of head and back. BRANDT'S CORMORANT, adult 



4' Bill 42-57 mm; tarsus 47-59 mm; bill very thin, 4.4 - 6.0 times 

 longer than deep at base (Plate 9-5); feathers of chin same color 

 as head and throat; face and throat pouch red; flanks may or may not 

 be white. PELAGIC CORMORANT, adult 



5 Lower mandible entirely chrome yellow or yellow only at base. 6 

 5' Upper and lower mandible brown. 7 



6 Face and throat yellow; feathers of back tan with thick, dark brown 

 edges giving a scaly appearance; belly and throat sometimes very 

 light, almost white; bill as in 3 above (Plate 10-1). 



DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, immature 



6' Face and throat not yellow; back feathers brown with purple iridescence, 

 not prominently scaly; bill as in 3'. RED-FACED CORMORANT, immature 



7 Measurements as in 4. BRANDT 1 S CORMORANT, immature 

 7' Measurements as in 4'. PELAGIC CORMORANT, immature 



KEY TO WATERFOWL 



1 Body, head and neck white or very light gray; wings white or white 

 with black primaries; three or four outermost primaries with one 



or both webs cut out (see Fig. 10). 2 



1' Coloration largely brown or gray with a little white here or there; 

 no primaries or only outer two decidedly and the third outermost 

 sometimes slightly cut out (see Fig. 10). 



2 Wings entirely white or very light gray; primaries 10-7 have one or 

 both webs cut out; area between eye and bill (the lores) unfeathered; 

 very large bird, wing length 500-680 mm. 3 



