35 



KEY TO WATERFOWL (Cont.) 



8 Head and neck entirely white (may be stained rusty); rump color 

 variable, from pure white to light gray; feet purple, pinkish or 



in fall tending toward orange. SNOW GOOSE, blue phase 



8' Head and neck with dark (and white) coloration; rump light to dark 



brown; feet yellow or pale. 9 



9 Tail entirely white; back, scapulars, chest and sides silver- 

 gray, feathers becoming black subterminally with white tips. 



EMPEROR GOOSE 



9' Tail dark but with white tip; back and scapulars gray brown, 



feathers with paler tips. WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE 



10 Hind toe lobed (Plate 36-3). 11 

 10' Hind toe not lobed (similar to Plate 35-3). 46 



11 Wings without distinctive color pattern (secondaries may be chestnut 



in male Oldsquaw, choice 14). 12 



11 ' Secondaries with distinctive pattern, either brightly or plainly 

 colored (white, black, gray) or tipped with white OR large white 

 patch in shoulder. 18 



12 Wing length 200-254 mm; tail feathers not modified as in 12'; feet 

 orange, blackish or gray. 13 



12' Wing 138-155 mm; tail feathers narrow, stiff and pointed; feet 



grayish blue (sometimes dark gray in juveniles). RUDDY DUCK 



13 Belly and sides white; may or may not be white on wings; primary 

 10 cut out on inner web, 9 on outer web; scapulars much longer 

 than secondaries and pointed; bill stubby, length 25-30 mm; tarsus 

 31-37 mm; feet gray. 14 



13' No white except on head; primary 9 not cut. out; scapulars not notably 

 longer than secondaries, nor notably pointed; bill 36-47 mm; tarsus 

 40-49 mm; feet orange, red-orange or olive with black webs. 15 



14 Breast black. OLDSQUAW, male 



