58 BEEHIVES AND BEE KEEPERS* APPLIANCES. 



are as effective as more costly appliances. Take a 

 floor brad (a cut nail will do), and placing it be- 

 tween two pieces of deal, about 4 in. long, 1 in. 

 wide, and \ in. thick, give the two a good squeeze 

 in the bench vice to embed the nail in the wood. 

 After removal, bind the nail end of the handle with 

 two or three turns of copper wire and secure the 

 wire ferrule with a touch of solder ; then put a 

 -in. screw into the other end of the handle. Round 

 off the point of the nail on one side, as shown by 



Fig-. 50. Hoffman Self-spacing Frame. 



Fig. 49, and after filing away the point until it is 

 about -J-g in. thick, file a nick or V-groove in the 

 rounded face, and the embedder is complete. The 

 nick or groove is for the purpose of keeping the 

 tool on the wire when in use. 



The foundation having been fixed, and the 

 frames being ready to be placed in the hive, the 

 question of side spacing comes under consideration, 

 that is, the keeping of the frames of comb the cor- 

 rect distance apart. As previously mentioned, 

 frames are spaced laterally in the hive 1 % in. (\\ in. 

 bare) centre to centre, and whilst this spacing can 



