FURNISHING AND STOCKING A BEEHIVE, 59 



be accomplished by marking the end of each frame 

 at its centre, and placing these marks opposite 

 similar marks made on the hive side, the heat of 

 the hive is not conserved, as is the case when broad- 

 shouldered frames or distance keepers are em- 

 ployed. 



In America, and also, to some extent, in this 

 country, a self-spacing frame, known as the " Hoff- 

 man/ 7 is very largely used ; but in districts where 

 propolis is abundant the bees glue the frames 

 together to such an extent as to render a frame of 

 this type a nuisance. Fig. 50 shows, in isometrical 

 projection, a portion of two such frames. It may 

 be said that the side bars are 1 % in. wide at the 



Fig. 51. ~" W.B.C." Fig. 52. Cast 



Tinplate End. Metal End. 



top, and that the wide part on one side is reduced 

 to a knife edge. 



Broad-shouldered frames being self-spacing, the 

 plain frames are the only ones that require the 

 addition of metal distance keepers, technically 

 known as " ends." Priority of place must be given 

 to the "W.B.C." end, the invention of Mr. W. 

 Broughton Carr. It is shown by Fig. 51, and is 

 stamped out of a single piece of tinplate and 

 pressed into shape by dies. Fig. 37 (p. 50) shows 

 how these ends are used when the regulation 1-2%- in. 

 spacing is adopted ; Fig. 38 (p. 50) shows how the 

 ends are placed on the frames when l^-in. spacing 

 is required ; Fig. 52 shows a cast metal end some- 

 what largely used; Fig. 53 shows the "Howard" 

 end, made of tinplate ; and Fig. 54 shows Dr. Pine's 



