HEMORRHAGE 501 



been sprinkled. The application should be made three times a day for 

 not less than an hour on each occasion. In all cases of this kind the 

 patient should be made to eat hay from the 

 ground, so as to encourage the downward 

 flow of matter from the cavities of the face. 

 Where no benefit is derived from these several 

 methods of treatment it may be desirable to 

 wash out the sinuses of the face, but before 

 this can be done one or more openings will 

 require to be made into them by removing 

 portions of bone, or, as it is termed, trepan- 

 ning. 



HEMORRHAGE 



When blood escapes from the vessels into 

 an open space, whether it be into one of the 



on 



igation of the Nostrils 



cavities of the body (chest or belly, &c.) or 



to the surface, it is described as hemorrhage. foiCatanh 



If, instead, it passes into the tissues, as in 



the case of a black eye or a "corn", it is spoken of as extravasation. 



Bleeding may occur from an artery or a vein, or both at the same time. 



In the first case it is distinguished as arterial hemorrhage, in the second 



as venous, and in the third mixed. 



For convenience of description different terms are employed to indicate 

 the particular organs from which bleeding takes place. Thus bleeding from 

 the nose is known as epistaxis {eTrlara^eiv, to distil), from the lungs as 

 haemoptysis {aiima, blood, and TrTvetv, to spit), from the stomach as hsema- 

 temesis {atfia, blood, and e/j.eeiv, to vomit), from the ear, ottorhsegia, &c. &c. 



Causes. — Hemorrhage may be the consequence of either disease or 

 accident. In some animals it originates in a congenital weakness of the 

 vessels, in which case their walls give way under very trifling causes, 

 as when bleeding from the nose comes on in the course of a gallop, 

 excitement, or effort in draught, or when hemorrhage from the lungs is 

 provoked by coughing. Cases have come under the notice of the 

 writer where, without any apparent cause, blood would ooze through 

 the vessels of the skin and hang in drops from the hair at numerous 

 points. This form of the disease is termed hemophilia (at^a, blood, and 

 (piXeiv, to love). 



Hemorrhage as a result of disease is exemplified where the walls of the 

 capillary vessels are weakened by fatty degeneration and fail to resist the 

 pressure of the blood within them. The larger arteries sometimes become 



