INSECTS AFFECTINT, PARK A\'D WOODLAND TREES 7 



The above fiorurcs make the following estimates prepared several years 

 ago by Dr Hopkins appear quite reasonable. He placed the annua! loss 

 on timber as follows: bark beetles to pine ami s|)ruce, $5,000,000; l)ark 

 and timber beetles causing defective wood in felled timber, $1,000,000; 

 insects in timber injured by fires and other causes, $1,000,000; the Colum- 

 bian timber beetle to standing and li\ ing timber, $1,000,000; timber and 

 carpenter worms in oak, $2,000,000; chestnut worm, $1,000,000; long- 

 horned wood borers to standing timber, $2,000,000; the same to felled tim- 

 ber and saw logs, $2,000,000; other wood borers to standing and felled 

 timber, $2,000,000; foliage-infesting insects to forests and shade trees, 

 $3,000,000; white pine weevil, plant lice, scale insects, etc. to young 

 growth, $1,000,000; powder post beetle to dry manufactured wood, 

 $1,000,000; miscellaneous insects not included in the above, $3,000,000, 

 making an enormous total of $25,000,000. To this should be added losses 

 in working up and disposing of defective wood, losses caused by use of the 

 same, and indirect losses caused by diminished forest area due to insect rav- 

 ages, all of wdiich, could it be estimated in dollars and cents, might be 

 placed at $75,000,000, making a grand total of $100,000,000 annually on 

 forests and forest products alone. 



Shade trees and adjacent property affected. Aside from direct losses to 

 forest trees and their products, very great damage is inflictetl by insects on 

 shade and ornamental trees throughout the country. This loss can not be 

 estimated in financial terms, since a tree destroyed can not be replaced 

 for a number of years, and its effect on the value of adjacent propertv is 

 quite variable. The loss occasioned by the destruction of trees is usually 

 underestimated. To give an idea of the extensive damage caused in this 

 way, we would call attention to the depredations of the elm leaf beetle, 

 Galerucella luteola Miill., a species which is well established in most 

 cities and villages along the Hudson river and bids fair to become destruc- 

 tive in many other places in the State. It has caused the death of several 

 thousand trees in Albany and Troy alone since 1898, besides seriously 



