78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



chamber the size of a man's hand has been made. The bark covering 

 these large wounds soon dies, breaks away and the following season there is 

 an ugly scar, as represented at figure 9, on plate 4. In a short time small 

 trees harboring several of these creatures are quickly girdled. Two years 

 are required to complete the life c)cle, according to most authorities. 

 The first winter is passed by the small caterpillar, usually less than an inch 

 long, in its burrow. The second winter it is nearly full grown [pi. 4, fig. 4]. 

 The transformation to the quiescent pupa [pi. 4, fig. 5] takes place in the 

 burrow, the bark having previously been eaten nearly through by the cater- 

 pillar. Before the adult appears, the pupa works itself partly out of the 

 burrow | pi. 4, fig. 6 | and the moth emerges, leaving the empty pupal case 

 as represented at figure i, plate 4. 



This pernicious borer has been recorded as attacking 83 species of 

 trees and shrubs. According to the observations of Dr E, B. Southwick, 

 entomologist to the department of public parks of New York, the elms 

 and maples are most subject to attack, the horse-chestnut, Ohio buckeye 

 (A e s c u 1 u s glabra), beeches, birches, dogwood, hickories, oaks, and 

 walnuts suffering in the order named. Almost every species of tree and 

 shrub in Central Park, except evergreens, was injured to some extent. 



Remedies. Something can be accomplished by the destruction of the 

 rather sluggish females before eggs are deposited. This is of most value 

 where there are only a few small trees. In localities where this insect 

 occurs, trees should be examined three or four times a year. The wilting 

 of smaller twigs and the strings of expelled frass indicate the presence of 

 this borer. .Smaller infested branches can be cut off and burned, and as the 

 caterpillars leave their burrows on slight provocation, their destruction 

 should not be delayed long after cutting. Limbs broken off by storms 

 should be collected and burned, as they frequently contain caterpillars of 

 this pest. The borers in larger branches or in the trunks should be cut out 

 and destroyed whenever possible. In some cases they may be killed in 

 their burrows with a flexible wire. Dr E. B. Southwick, who has had 

 considerable experience in fighting the pest in Central Park, New York, 



