2/2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



of each segment, commencing with the second and ending with the tenth, 

 appears a slight swelHng containing a double, transverse row of toothlike 

 projections, from twelve to eighteen in number, sometimes with a few odd 

 ones in front of each row." [See pi. 9, fig. 12] 



He has described the pupa as yellowish white and about i/^ inch in 

 length: "The antennal sheaths arise from the notch on the inner, upper 

 half of the eyes, and crossing them, pass down along each side of the back, 

 over the wing sheaths and just above the sheaths of first and second pairs 

 of legs, and then turning inward, pass back toward the mouth parts, where 

 they turn outward, forming a circle over the sheaths of first pair of legs. 

 The first and second pairs of legs are above, and the third pair with 

 exception of tarsi are below the wing sheaths. On the inner and upper 

 margin of the base of the antennal sheaths is a short, slightly curved, horn- 

 like protuberance, pointing backward and outward. Small, brownish, sharp 

 points occur on the following parts of abdomen : the swellings which appear 

 on the side of each abdominal segment with exception of the first, the 

 upper surface, and posterior margin of anal segment, which is thickly 

 fringed with sharp, excurved points." 



The adult insect, as previously stated, ranges in length from a little 

 over j4 to nearly 3/^ inch. It may be easily recognized by reference to 

 plate 9, figure 6. 



Life history. The first contribution to the life history of this insect, 

 was by Professor Haldeman, as mentioned above, but it is to Messrs Walsh 

 and Riley that we owe our first illustration of the insect and its work, and 

 a somewhat detailed discussion of its life history. The adult beetles occur 

 in Penns)lvania, according to Haldeman, during the last two weeks in 

 August and the first week in September, feeding on the bark of the tender 

 branches of young hickories. This insect has been the subject of close 

 studies in Kansas, by Messrs Scheffer and Parrott, who worked independ- 

 ently. Professor Parrott has observed the girdling of the twig, and states 

 that the female selects a twig seldom more than y^ inch in diameter, and 

 does not make a complete circle at once but cuts section by section, as if 

 cutting as deep as the edges of the groove will permit her. One section 

 after another is thus cut till the twig is girdled, the entire operation taking 

 12 hours in some cases. These gentlemen state that the eggs are deposited 

 beneath the bark of the girdled branches and just at the base of side shoots 

 or aborted buds. Usuallv there is but one in a shoot, but in case the latter 



