INSECTS AKKKtriNC. I'ARK AN'I) WOODLAND TREES 273 



is large tliere ma\- he two or three. Professor Parrott statcfs that often 

 two, sometimes four or live eggs are deposited, and in a number of 

 instances they are placed at the side of and above the offshoot. A dozen 

 or more may be found on a single branch. Mr .ScheffL-r slates that the egg 

 protected with a gummy cap, is deposited in a ])uncture which has an oval 

 aperture. It lies just under the bark, or in some- cases between the layers 

 of the bark. He also states that no punctures were found on side shoots, 

 while Professor Parrott has observed a number. There appears to be no 

 fixed rule regarding places where eggs may be deposited. They hatch in 

 from three to four weeks after the branches drop, the young appearing as 

 very small, cream-colored, footless grubs, which do not increase much in 

 size before winter. Professor Parrott states that a few of the insects pass 

 the winter in the egg, and that the larvae make little growth during this 

 time. With the approach of warm weather they commence to eat and grow 

 rapidly. The grubs become full grown about the middle of July, according 

 to Professor Parrott, at which time they make a pupal cell at one end of 

 the channel. This stage lasts about two weeks and the adults appear in 

 Kansas between July 18 and Aug. 3. The characteristic work of this 

 species is shown in plate 9, figures 6-12. 



Injuries. Occasionally this species becomes quite destructive, as was 

 the case in Kansas in 1894 to 1898, at which time elms in certain sections 

 of the State suffered very severely. Professor Atkinson, in 1889, stated that 

 this species attacks hickories and elms particularly in North Carolina, and 

 that in some seasons it causes much injur\-. Serious damage to hickory, 

 pecan and persimmon have also been reported from Mississippi. 



Food plants. This borer has been known as the hickory and also as the 

 elm twig girdler, these common designations indicating the trees most likely 

 to suffer from its injuries. It has a considerable range of food plants, and 

 in the South is injurious to the persimmon, oak, pecan, and is known as a 

 depredator on apple, pear, quince, peach and orange tree.s. It has also 

 been observed girdling rosebushes. 



Distribution. This insect has been recorded from most of the eastern 



