INSECTS ArpFXTINf; TARK AND WOODLAND TREES 309 



The very )ouii«^ larvae are black, pale yellow in color with a few short 

 hairs, and on the second se_i;;ment there are two straight subcylindrical black 

 horns arising from a green base, and with a slight enlargement at the ajjex, 

 which bears two black tli\-erging setae about two thinls the length of the 

 horns. 



1 he lar\a in its second stage is an obscure green with seven dark 

 lines ol which the tlorsal and the stigmatal arc: narrower, and the subdorsal 

 ones each include a row of short spines. The thoracic shield, the anal 

 segment and the true legs are black and the prolegs with a black spot 

 laterall)-. 



The third stage larva is about '3 inch in length, head and thoracic 

 shield glossy black, horns slightly spinose, enlarged at the tip and usually 

 with apical spines. The abdominal stripes are black, with yellow brown 

 between. The terminal segment is spinose and glossy black. 



The fourth stage larva is about '''■o inch in length, glossy black and 

 with eight yellow stripes. The horns are slightly tapering, clubbed at the 

 tips, and ' 5 inch in length. 



The fifth stage larva has the head, thoracic shield, horns, anal shield, 

 and legs shining black, and the body is covered with minute elevated 

 points. 



The full grown larva is about 2 inches long, about the thickness of 

 a lead pencil, cylindrical, and of a coal-black color, with orange yellow 

 stripes. It may be recognized by the aid of plate 17, figure 4. 



Natural enemies. This species is the prey of a number of natural 

 enemies. Its spines probably protect it somewhat from insectivorous birds, 

 though Prof. A. J. Cook has recorded the robin and blue jay as feeding on 

 it. One Hymenopterous parasite, L i m n e r i a f u g i t i v a Say has been 

 bred from this insect. Dr Lintner records the rearing of another parasite 

 from this species, but unfortunately did not identify it. A young soldier 

 bug, Podisus placidus Uhl., was observed feeding on the eggs of 

 this pest. 



Distribution This species is recorded as far less abundant in the 

 Southern States than in the North. Its eastern range is apparently from 

 Canada to Georgia and westward. It has been reported from Wisconsin, 

 Missouri, Kansas, and California. It is a rather local insect and Dr Fitch 

 states that he never met with it at .Salem, where he resided, when it was 

 very abundant only 25 miles distant. Dr Lintner adds that during many 

 years collecting he had never seen it numerous in any other locality than at 



