590 BRITISH HUSBANDRY. 



Cheesemongers. 

 8 Pounds are 1 Clove (C/.) 1 p, 

 32 Cloves ,, 1 AVey (/?>.) | ^''^^^^• 

 56 Pounds ,, 1 Firkiu {Fkn.)\ ■^,.^„. 

 84 Pounds ,, 1 Tub (Tb.) f ^''"'''• 

 Among farmers, hay of every kind is in England usually sold by the ton ; 

 in Scotland, by the stone of 24 lbs. ; and in Ireland, by the car-load of rather 

 uncertain weight, without being trussed. In most of the Enghsh markets, 

 however, both hay and straw are sold by the load of 3G trusses ; each of which 



weighs — 



lbs. cwt. qr. lb. 

 of Hay, if it be new, 60 ; or 19 1 4 



1 4 I 

 } 



2 8 



old, 56; or 18 } 1 Load; 

 of Straw, 36; or 112" 



and hay is considered as being new until St. Luke's day— the 18th of October. 

 Many articles are also sold by tale of — 



12 to the Dozen. 

 12 Dozen to the Gross, and 

 120 Ditto to the Great Gross. 



ZO to the Score. 



5 Score to the short, and 



6 Ditto to the long Hundred. 



Thus, 5-feet laths liave 5 score, and 4-feet do. C score to the hundred. 

 A load of tiles contain lOUO, and a load of bricks 500. 

 Measures of bulk are ordered by the Statute to be regulated by the Imperial 

 standard bushel, of a circular form, ISM inches in the interior diameter by 8 

 inches deep, containing 2218 and a fraction of cubic inches ; while the former 

 Winchester bushel is only 18^ in diameter, by 8 inches in depth, containing 

 2124 cubic inches.* They are each stated to hold 8 gallons, but their real con- 

 tents in weight of water, of which a cubic foot contains as nearly as possible 

 1000 ounces avoirdupois, are — 



The Imperial bushel, exactly 801b. ; the Winchester ditto, about 77h — difference, 



3^ per cent. 



The fiar prices of grain in Scotland are to be struck by this Imperial stan'lard, 

 which is now the sole legal measure of capacity throughout the United King- 

 dom ; and all heaped measwes are strictly prohibited. The divisions are 

 thus • — 



Imperial Standard. 

 2 pints are 1 quart (Q/.) I 4 pks. are 1 bushel (Bitsh.) 



4 qts. ,, 1 gallon (G'-i//.) 8 bush. ,, 1 quarter (Qr.) 



2 galls. ,, 1 peck {Pk.) \ 5 qrs. , , 1 load (LU.) 



Though not legally acknowledged as a measure, 2 quarts are accounted as a 

 pottle. Corn is also frequently measured by the comb of 4 bushels ;t and 

 the sack of corn likewise contains 4 bushels : but potatoes, lime, culm, 

 coal, or other bulky goods are sold by the sack, which is only estimated to hold 

 3 bushels. 12 sacks are a chaldron, containing 36 bushels ; which is the mea- 

 surement of lime. 



The measure of liquids, as applied to ale and cider, are — 



9 gallons are 1 firkin {Fkn.) I 34 gallons are 1 barrel (Bar.) 

 18 ,, 1 kilderkin (A'Sw.) I 54 ,, 1 hogshead (//W.) 



* This was the measurement established in 1701 by Will. III. and is the old 

 standard bushel in the Exchequer, Loudon ; but the gallon measure in the Exchequer 

 would contain 2168, and our Revenue laws have for a longtime assumed 2150 inches as 

 the AVinchester standard. Although the measurement of the Imperial standard, stated 

 as above, is that usually employed, yet, provided it contains the exact number of culiic 

 inches, the shape is nut regulated by law ; though it has been proved by experiment 

 that wheat, measured in a bushel made 11 inches deep weighed six ounces more than 

 the same wheat measured in a bushel 8 inches deep : thus making a difi'erence of about 

 ^ per cent. 



f The old Scotch corn measures for oats and barley were — 



4 lippies . . 1 peck. I 4 firlots . , 1 boll. 

 4 pecks . . 1 firlot. | 16 bolts . . 1 chalder. 

 And in wheat, peas, beans, and rye, 3 oat firlots were equal to 1 boll. 



The Linlithgow firlot contains 21 pints (Scotch), and 1 mutchkin, or I of a pint, for 

 •wheat; and that for barley ia 31 pints, — The boll of oatmeal weighs 140 lbs. 



