COTTON IN EGYPT AND THE SUDAN. 31 



day ; with the grubber it works in the first ploughing 20 feddans 

 per day, in the second ploughing 28 feddans, and with the ridge 

 plough 35 feddans. German steam ploughs of the firm of J. Kemna, 

 Breslau, are also at work in Egypt. Steam ploughs usually plough- 

 ing about 36 cm. deep are almost exclusively used on the large 

 Egyptian estates, as they replace the draught animals, which are 

 frequently subject to epidemics in Egypt ; it is, however, impossible 

 for the small holder to invest in this kind of plant, and the lending 

 out of steam ploughs is difficult and expensive, and owing to the 

 bad condition of the roads and the fragile bridges is only very little 

 practised ; it is necessary to strengthen the bridges by two horizontal 

 beams whenever a locomotive has to pass over one. 



At the Agricultural Exhibition at Cairo in 1912 the firm of E. 

 Sack, of Leipzic, had, for the first time, a large selection of iron 

 ploughs, cultivators, and drilling machines. Of course, the competi- 

 tion of Germany is very difficult ~ with England in agricultural 

 machines, not only because English manufacturers have been estab- 

 lished in Egypt for a number of years, and have agents in the coun- 

 try with showrooms, but because the large agricultural companies are 

 mostly under British control and therefore prefer almost exclusively 

 English machines. Nevertheless, the German importation of agricul- 

 tural and electrical machinery, especially of steam locomotives and 

 pumps for irrigation purposes, is second in importance. It must be 

 borne in mind that machines and similar plant are not always wanted 

 in the best and the most lasting quality, as a number of people are 

 in the habit of receiving commission on the purchase of these 

 machines, and, naturally, they prefer to make frequent purchases at 

 short intervals. 



Agricultural Schools. The first agricultural school in Egypt was 

 founded by Mohammed Ali, under French management. For a long 

 time nothing more was heard of it, and consequent upon the small 

 flood of 1888 the Minister of Public Works caused, in 1890, the erec- 

 tion of a higher-grade Agricultural School, and of an experimental sta- 

 tion at Giseh, in which young Egyptian landowners could be instructed 

 in a four years' course in all technical branches of agriculture, the 

 use of agricultural machines, improved agricultural implements, and 

 the management of new kinds of crops ; in connection with this 

 school there exists a veterinary department. This Agricultural 

 School at Giseh, \vhich, in 1910-11, had 196 scholars, is to be gradu- 

 ally converted into a High School. There are also nine industrial 

 schools in Egypt, five of which possess agricultural branches, which 

 prepare young students in a course, chiefly practical. The Agricul- 

 tural Department is now setting up in several places elementary and 

 intermediary agricultural schools. The first intermediary school of 

 this type was established in 1911 at Mushtohar ; in the morning the 

 students listen to academical lectures, and in the afternoon they are 

 engaged in practical farm work. 



Valuable services for the promotion of Egyptian agriculture have 

 been rendered by the Khedivial Agricultural Society in Cairo, which 

 was founded in 1898, and is under the presidency of Prince Hussein 

 Kamil Pasha, an uncle of the Khedive. It is the largest agricultural 

 society in Egypt, and the largest landowners of all parts of the coun- 

 try and numerous Government officials are members. The Society 



