COTTON IN EGYPT AND THE SUDAN. 97 



As about 5 per cent, is lost during the refining process as waste, 

 the refined oil therefore represents only about 17 per cent, of the 

 weight of the seed. 



Beside the manufacture of yellow oil a small quantity of white 

 " Winter oil " is made. The price of refined oil was given as ,E22 

 per ton. 



Properly refined cotton seed oil is chiefly used for eating purposes, 

 and consumed to the extent of three-quarters of its production in 

 Egypt. The Salt and Soda Company quoted, in autumn, 

 1912, for refined table oil No. 1, in tins of 4 okas, 34 P.T., for No. 

 2, in similar tins, 31 P.T., whilst the Kafr-el-Zayat Cotton Company 

 sold at the same time their best winter oil at 20 P.T. for 4 okas. 

 Whether this difference was caused through excessive competition 

 could not be determined. Unrefined cotton seed oil for industrial pur- 

 poses was at that period quoted at 8^ to 8| P.C. per oka; conse- 

 quently half the price. 



Although Egypt imported, in 1910, from the U.S.A. fine cotton 

 seed oil to the value of ^E 17,241, larger quantities of Egyptian cotton 

 seed oil are exported, for example, in 1910 1,753 tons, to the value 

 of ;E22,900, of which four-fifths went to Turkey and the remainder 

 chiefly to England, were exported. 



The waste remaining after the refining process, also the refined 

 oil, are used for soap and candle manufacture, which is carried on 

 in Alexandria, as well as in Kafr-el-Zayatt and Zagazig on a small 

 scale. 



Oil cakes have, so far, not found a market in Egypt ; for the 

 draught cattle ordinary fodder suffices : clover, chopped straw, and 

 broad beans ; whilst fattening cattle are very seldom raised in Egypt. 

 The production of Egyptian cakes goes almost exclusively to England, 

 in ground-up condition, put up in cotton sacks of about 110 kg. The 

 total exports of this product are : 



1906 

 1910 

 1911 



74,000 tons of the value of .238,000 

 62,000 283,000 



85,000 355,000 



As Egyptian cotton seed oil cakes, as well as those manufac- 

 tured in England, contain also the husks of the seed, whilst in 

 America the husks are separated before the cooking process, the 

 output of oil cakes, expressed in percentages of weight, is greater in 

 Egypt, but the oil is not so pure as that from North America. 



I had an estimate for a complete oil mill with 20 press-stands, 

 capable f treating 80 to 85 tons of seed, prepared for me by the 

 principal suppliers of such mills; the price f.o.b. Hull was about 

 ^8,500, but the boiler and steam engine of 250 h.p. were not 

 included in the price. 



THE CONSUMPTION OF RAW 7 COTTON IN EGYPT. 



Native Industry. The clothing of the poorer classes of the 

 Egyptian population, with the exception of the nomads, consists 

 almost exclusively of cotton material, which is dyed, mostly in 

 Egypt, indigo blue. Bonaparte's scientists found that cotton-spin- 

 ning and weaving, which had been practised for ages, was one of the 

 most important industries in Egypt, and in the Delta, as well as 



