74 TELEOSTEl: ISOSPONDYLI. XIII. 



dant, spawning in sea ; used for oil and manure. (A parasitic 

 crustacean, Oniscus prcegustator Latrobe, is found in the mouth of 

 this fish. The names of both species refer to this fact ; the ancient 

 Roman Emperors (tyranni) having had their tasters (prcegusta- 



tores} to try their food before them, to prevent poisoning.) 



/ 



75. DOROSOMA Rafinesque. (Sopo'y, lance ; o-co/ia, body.) 



175. D. cepedianum (Le Sueur). GIZZARD SHAD. HICKORY 

 SHAD. MUD SHAD. WHITE-EYED SHAD. HAIRY-BACK. Body 

 deep, compressed ; the scales thin, deciduous ; head small ; snout 

 short, blunt ; mandible enlarged at base ; gill rakers very slender, 

 not very long ; an adipose eyelid; D. about median, its filament 

 about as long as head ; C. widely forked, its lower lobes longer ; 

 belly sharply serrate. Bluish, sides silvery; young with a round 

 dark shoulder spot. Head 4; depth 2^- (2 to 3); eye 4^ in head. 

 D. 12. A. 31. Lat. 1. 56. Scutes 17-f-l 2. L. 15. Cape Cod to 

 Mexico ; abundant S. entering all rivers ; permanently resident 

 throughout the Miss. Valley. A handsome, mud-loving fish, nearly 

 worthless as food. (To Bernard Germain Etienne, Conite de La 

 Cepede, afterwards " Citoyen Lacepede.") 



FAMILY XXXI. STOLEPHORHXE. (THE ANCHOVIES.) 



Body elongate, compressed, with thin, deciduous scales ; mouth 

 very large; the pointed, pig-like snout, usually extending beyond 

 it ; maxillary very long and slender, of about 3 pieces, extending 

 backward far beyond the eye; premaxillaries small; teeth usually 

 very small; eye large, well forward; gill rakers long and slender. 

 B. 7 to 14; no lateral line; belly rounded, or weakly serrate; no 

 adipose fin ; C. forked. Small fishes swimming in large schools, 

 abundant in all warm seas. Genera 9, species about 65, most of 

 them belonging to Stolephorus. 



a. Gill membranes scarcely connected ; gill openings very wide; no pectoral 

 filaments; A. moderate, beginning behind D.; lower jaw included; max- 

 illary not extending beyond gill openings; teeth very small or wanting. 



STOLEPHOKUS, 76. 



76. STOLEPHORUS Lacepede. (Engraulis Cuvier.) (oroXij, 

 a stole ; 0opds, bearing, in allusion to the silvery band.) 



a. Body compressed, moderately elongate, the depth more than one-fifth the 



length; insertion of D. nearer C. than tip of snout. 

 6. Anal long, its rays about 26, its base 3| in body. 



176. S. mitchilli (Cuv. & Val.). Snout rather blunt, little pro- 

 jecting; body much compressed; both jaws with teeth ; eye very 

 large. Pale, a narrow, diffuse, silvery lateral band, little broader 

 than pupil. Head 3|; depth 4. D. 14. A. 26. Lat. 1. 37. L. 2. 



