GADID.E. LXXXVIII. 163 



221. MELANOGRAMMUS Gill. (/zfAcu/o'r, black ; ypa/i^, line.) 



455. M. seglifinus (L.). HADDOCK. Snout long; dorsals 

 pointed ; C. lunate ; skull depressed, the bones thin ; the supra- 

 occipital crest very high, with wing-like projections at base. Dark 

 gray, a large black blotch above P. Head 3f ; depth 4. D. 15- 

 24-21. A. 23-21. L. 30. Va., N. ; an important food-fish. (Eu.} 

 (Low Lat., haddock.) 



222. GADUS (Artedi) Linnaeus. (The Latin name, akin to the 



English Cod.) 



456. G. callarias L. COD-FISH. Head large; occipital keel 

 not high ; fins not elevated ; C. slightly notched. Brownish, the 

 ground color varying much ; back and sides with round brownish 

 spots; fins dark. Head 3^ to 4; depth 4. D. 14-21-19. A. 

 20-18. L. 3 feet or more. N. Atl. and N". Pac., S. to Va. and 

 Ore.,* one of the most important of food-fishes. (Eu.) (G. mor- 

 rhua L.) (Lat., Callarias, a young cod.) 



223. MICROGADUS Gill. ( l uK P 6s t small ; Gadus.) 



457. M. tomcod (Walbaum). TOM-COD. FROST-FISH. Snout 

 rounded ; maxillary reaching pupil, 2^ in head. Eye 3|. Olive- 

 brown, spotted and blotched with darker ; surface punctulate. 

 Head 3f ; depth 5. D. 13-17-18. A. 20-17. L. 12. Va. to 

 Labrador, a diminutive Cod-fish, common N. 



224. POLLACHIUS Nilsson. (From Pollack.) 



458. P. virens (L.) POLLACK. COAL-FISH. P. short, scarcely 

 reaching A. Greenish, somewhat silvery below ; fins pale ; usually 

 a dark spot in axil. Head 4 ; depth 4J. D. 13-22-20. A. 25-20. 

 Lat. 1. 250. L. 18. Va., N. (w.) 



225. MERLUCCIU3 Rafinesque. (Merlucius "Sea-Pike," the 

 ancient name.) 



459. M. bilinearis (Mitchill). SILVER HAKE. STOCK-FISH. 

 WHITING. Top of head with well defined W-shaped ridges ; teeth 

 not very large. P. and V. long, f head. Grayish, sides dull silvery ; 

 axil inside of mouth and peritoneum black. Flesh soft. Head 

 3f ; depth 6J. D. 13-41. A. 40. Lat. 1. 105. L. 2 feet. Va., 

 N., not rare. (Lat., bis two ; linearis, lined.) 



ORDER XXI. HETEROSOMATA. (THE FLAT-FISHES.) 



This group seems to be an offshoot from the Gadidce. Its essen- 

 tial feature is in the unsymmetrical character of the bones of the 

 head. The head is twisted about, so that both eyes are on the same 

 side. The body is compressed, and the side without eyes is habit- 

 ually kept lowermost. The blind side is usually colorless. The very 



