300 AVES : PASSERES. XLVI. 



tions. The adult males of the different species are readily dis- 

 tinguished, but 9 and young offer difficulties. The tail feathers 

 are always marked with white or yellow, and the bill is usually 

 little pointed, notched, and with evident bristles at the rictus. 



The following artificial analysis, partly taken from Coues's 

 "Key," will generally enable the student to distinguish speci- 

 mens, at least the males in full plumage : 



a. Tail feathers edged with yellow; plumage chiefly yellow. . cestiva, 969. 

 aa. Tail feathers blotched with white. 

 b. A white blotch on the primaries near their bases; no wing bars. 



ccerulescens, 970. 



bb. No white blotch on primaries, 

 c. Wing bars, if present, not white. 

 d. White below; crown and wing patch more or less yellow. 



pennsylvanica, 974. 

 dd. Yellow below; sides reddish-streaked ; crown chestnut. 



palmarum, 983. 

 ddd. Yellow below; sides black-streaked. 



e. Back olive with reddish spots . discolor, 982. 



ee. Back ashy kirtlandi, 981. 



cc. Wing bars or wing patch white. 

 f. Rump yellow. 



g. Crown clear ash; yellow and streaked below, maculosa, 972. 

 gg. Crown with yellow spot; white and streaked below. 



coronata, 971. 

 ggg. Crown black with a median stripe of orange brown; an 



orange brown ear-spot tigrina, 968. 



ff. Rump not yellow. 



h. Crown with orange or yellow spot; throat orange or yellow. 



blackburnice, 978. 



hh. Crown black ; no distinct yellow anywhere ; much streaked. 



striata, 976. 



hhh. Crown blue or greenish, like the back ; no definite yellow. 



ccerulea, 973. 

 MM. Crown chestnut, like the throat; no definite yellow; 



buffy below castanea, 975. 



hhhkh. Crown bluish or yellowish, not as above, some yel- 

 low. 



t. Throat black (sometimes obscured by yellow tips to 

 feathers); outer tail feather white-edged, virens, 979. 

 it. Throat j^ellow. 



j. Back ashy blue ; cheeks black. . . . dominica, 977. 

 jj. Back yellowish olive; cheeks same. . . vigorsi, 980. 



We copy from Coues's Key the following valuable diagnostic marks 

 of Warblers in any plumage : 



A white spot at base of primaries ccerulescens, 970. 



Wings and tail dusky, edged with yellow cestiva, 969. 



Wing bars and bell}' yellow discolor, 982. 



