SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., EXPLAINED. 



I. - MA \T\fATjS. 



i.= Incisor teeth. 

 c.= Canines. 



m.= Molars. 



Thus " i. f if " indicates two incisor teeth on each side in the 

 upper jaw, and one on each side in the lower. 



u Toes 5-4 " implies fore feet five-toed, hind feet four-toed. 



Other signs are as used in Birds. 



II. BIRDS. 



L.= Length in inches (along back from tip of bill to end of 

 longest tail feather) ; thus, "L. 7i " means, length 7i inches. 



l?.=Extent (spread of wing) measured in inches. 



W.= Length of wing (from bend of closed wing carpal joint- 



to tip of longest feather) in inches. 

 Z 7 . Length of tail in inches (i.e., actual length of the longest tail 



feather.) 

 B. = Length of bill in inches (measured along culinen from tip to 



frontal feathers.) 

 Hd.=Leugih of head in inches (measured with dividers from 



base of bill to nape.) 



Ts.=Length of tarsus in inches (measured in front.) 

 TcL= Length of middle toe with its claw. 



The measurements given in the descriptions are understood to 

 represent a fair average adult male; a variation of one-sixth, or 

 more, in absolute length is nothing unusual ; relative lengths, as of 

 wings and tail, are much more constant. To save space I have 

 preferred to say " L. 6," to saying " L. 5-J- to 6i." 

 *=Male. 



9= Female. 



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