5 3 THE IliRl G ATI ON A GE. 



on the other. The necessity of springs between body and axle is here 

 apparent. 



The c -spring relieves the body of torsion considerably, though 

 the undercarriage may be strained excessively with a four-wheeled 

 vehicle. 



Here, the particular form of spring attachment may be explained 

 showing which preserves the bodies of two wheelers from torsion due 

 to the road. The Stanhope and grasshopper plans of suspension 

 quite preclude torsion of body, because bodies so hung are fixed at 

 two points only in the middle back anrl front, as the diagram Pig. 

 2 shows. A, B, are the points of connection, where the springs are 

 bolted to the spanions, or irons, that span the body at bottom. 



Grasshopper hanging is so seldom adopted (although so excellent), 

 that one writer on coachmaking blunders in saying and illustrating it 

 as long springs fixed, on the dennet plan, to the shafts by scroll irons; 

 whereas it is the spring and axle fixing to the body with long spraw- 

 ling scroll-irons, like grass-hoppers legs hence the name without 

 any contact of the scroll-irons with the shafts The springs are bolted 

 direct on the axle as with the Stanhope, and from their ends ;ire 

 shackled the gras-hopper scroll-irons, reaching to the center under 

 C)LM3rs of body, instead of cross springs. 



- A dennet-hung gig or cart for it is the spring- fixing that dis- 

 criminates dennets from Stanhopes, not the shape of the boiy has 

 mostly four points of attachment. 



Torsion of body is at once established, and becomes the B>-te noir 

 to ;he unscientific coachmaker who builds dog-carts, and attempts to 

 put stridinir-irons between the body and the shafts for altoring the 

 bilia33 to S'jit trom one 10 four riders. The torsion of denuet hang- 

 ing by fixing the springs t > the skafts causes trouble at starling, either 

 preventing the body sliding in the guide irons, or by rattling, and 

 after a time, wearing recesses in the irons, and causing still mora rat- 

 tle, or increased clogging of the slides. 



No agricultural implement -maker would make his implement with 

 four points of body -contact when he could avoid spoiling its action by 

 torsion, by using only three. This is dem mstrated by the dennet, 

 which has three spring fastenings. 



This modific ition of hanging with free shaft-ends emanated from 

 a small coachmaker, where implements were made some 35 years 

 ago, but it is not well grafted into the high-class shops, wh-re torsion 

 is a matter that their piece-men blander over when a dogcart is to ba 

 made to slide on the shaft-bearings. 



It was in an implement works, that ten years ago the plan of 

 resting the body on small wheels or rollers, made to run on the inside 

 of the scroll-iron "flaps", was first adopted, leaving the body with 

 its rollers free from any torsional action of the springs or shafts, 



