164 



THE IRRIGATION AGE. 



Four breadths of wire fence are ample. 

 Fasten each end of a breadth of fence to two 

 54 inch Iong4x4-inch hardwood scantlings, 

 so that when wrapped about the silo the 

 clamps will come within a foot of each 

 other. Bolt these two clamps together 

 with two 1-inch bolts, with secure heads 

 and double burrs, using at least 3 inch 

 washers. Put these breadths on 17-inches 

 apart, so as to have 'man holes' between 

 and cement. Round out the floor of the 

 silo, so it will be the lowest in the center; 

 pound down the clay hard, letting it come 

 up against the staves over the cement. If 

 rats bother, and are likely to come up from 

 underneath, a cement floor would be well. 



"Mark out squares for the 'manholes.' 

 Nail on two cleats and clinch them and 

 then saw out the 16x18 door. Rough and 

 clinch strips on outside the hole for a 

 close jointed 'jam.' Put the door in from 

 the inside where it was sawed out from, 

 and the silo is filled, make a little clay 

 mortar, fill the inside of the jam with it, 

 push in the door and tack it 'just to stay,' 

 and one has a close-fitting, air-proof door. 

 When feeding, dig down to it, kick it in 

 from the outside, and do not bother with 

 latches and hinges. 



''Do not cover silage with an elaborate 

 roof. It should not be shingla and pitch 

 tight. A leaky roof is all the better for 

 the silage. It would be better if all off 

 when filling. Silos can go down into the 

 ground if the fellow wants to throw silage 

 up out of the silo. Make good, fair stone- 

 work for wall, and just before getting to 

 the surface 'jog' the wall out from the in- 

 side enough to make a slight shoulder. 

 Set the tub silo on this, then wall up out- 

 side, but cement to the silo. On the inside, 

 plaster up to, and a little over the staves, 

 and one has a close, air-proof 'union' of 

 stone and stave. Silos of metal, combina- 

 tion, brick, etc., have not answered the 

 expectations of their builders. The wood- 

 en silo of some sort has always proved 



best. It is not known whether paint has 

 paid.'' 



PRESERVED MILK. 



The following bulletin was issued by 

 the University of Arizona, and treats of 

 the use of pieservatives in milk, showing 

 their harmfulness: 



"Late in the month of September, 

 while the weather was yet warm, one 

 creamery patron was heard to say to an- 

 other, 'What's that thing for?' indicating 

 by a motion of his hand, a milk cooler 

 standing near. Upon being told that it 

 was a milk cooler, and that both morning 

 and evening milk was cooled by its use 

 every day before sending to the factory, 

 the first speaker replied : 'What's the 

 use of all thdt trouble? Get a little Pre- 

 servaline, that will keep your milk all 

 right and isn't half so much work,' and in 

 his reply expressed, I am sorry to say, 

 the sentiment of many creamery patrons. 



''The use of preservatives id milk is the 

 lazy man's substitute for cleanliness. The 

 fact that it is deemed necessary to add 

 something to the milk to keep it sweet 

 until it reaches the factory is evidence of 

 unclean or careless handling, while the 

 fact that preservatives are added is evi- 

 dence of criminal ignorance on the part of 

 the persons using them. 



"It is possible to make good butter or 

 cheese only when the souring of the cream 

 or milk is under control of the manufac- 

 turers. If, then, milk comes to the facto- 

 ry so adulterated by the use of chemicals 

 that it will not sour, it is impossible to 

 make good butter or cheese from it. In 

 butter making large losses of fat in the 

 butter have been traced to this cause, and 

 we have known the entire make of a cheese 

 factory for several days to be an absolute 

 loss because a single patron used Preserv- 

 aline in his milk. 



But more important than these finan- 

 cial losses is the fact that the use of the 

 preservatives renders the milk unwhole- 



