7 HE IRRIGATION AGE. 



the window and door frames, which should 

 be made just wide enough to fill the space 

 between the flush sides of the inner and 

 outer boarding; the paper nailed to the 

 frame edges, an extra strip of paper put 

 over this which is in turn covered with the 

 casing and all nailed down tight. The 

 same care should be taken \rherever joints 

 are made around air flues, at the plates 

 and sills, and especially where the wall 

 paper joins the ceiling paper. Careless 

 workmen will need watching at such 

 places. It is the numberless little details 

 that determine the value of the stable 

 when finished. 



To secure proper warmth and ventila- 

 tion a ceiling is provided 8 feet above the 

 floor. As a stable should in no case pro- 

 vide for storage overhead the ceiling may 

 be very light. Joists 2"x6" placed 3 feet 

 apart will be heavy enough for almost any 

 stable no matter what the size may be, as 

 it is supported by the gas pipe uprights 

 that hold the cow chains and the wire par- 

 titions in place. 



The ceiling joists are spiked to the 

 plates and rafters thus forming ties to 

 strengthen the building. Building paper 

 is tacked to the under side of the joists, 

 and matched, ceiling nailed on below the 

 paper. This ceiling may be of if' stuff or 

 thinner. Care should be taken to lap the 

 ceiling paper with the paper from the side 

 walls to leave no space for the admission 

 of air. All inside wood work should be 

 dressed and free from any heading or pro- 

 jection so far as possible; this is to pre- 

 vent the lodgements of dust, which is one 

 of the main things to be carefully guarded 

 against. 



Window stools should be made so nar- 

 row that they will not become the recepti- 

 cle for curry combs, brushes, old bottles, 

 and other trash that are so instrumental in 

 collecting dust and other dirt. 



Equal care should be taken with the 



doors. Door frames are made and fitted 



he same as the window frames with the 



exception of the sill. This is made nar- 

 row and rounded so that the door will shut 

 tight against it without a jog or jam for 

 the accumulation of dirt. There is no ob- 

 jection to having the sill eight inches 

 high as the cows easily step over it and 

 the manure carrier is suspended from the 

 ceiling. 



The roof should be comparatively steep, 

 as anything less than one-third pitch is too 

 short lived if covered with shingles. The 

 size of rafters will depend on the size of 

 building, though generally speaking 2"x4" 

 placed two feet apart for a rafter, up to 

 twelve feet in length is strong enough for 

 one- third pitch or steeper. 



The matter of windows requires careful 

 consideration. They should be large 

 enough and numerous enough to admit 

 plenty of light and sunshine when re- 

 quired, but not sufficiently large to pro- 

 duce by radiation too great changes in 

 temperature. If possible, sunshine should 

 be admitted into every corner of the stable. 

 For this purpose and to prevent unneces- 

 sary radiation of heat at night and during 

 cold weather, it is better to have the neces- 

 sary window.s so far as possible on the 

 south or southerly side of the building. 



A window should be provided in each 

 gable end. These windows should work in 

 grooves to slide easily up or down as re- 

 quired with rope attachments that may be 

 opened or closed as required. 



For a double stable, if long, the 2"x6" 

 plate should be doubled, through a single 

 two-inch plate properly supported by the 

 boarding, both inside and out, makes a 

 very strong building, so solid in fact, that 

 the plate may be but away to make room 

 for the ventilators without any apprecia- 

 ble weakening of the structure. 



With a building put up in this manner 

 and furnished with fly screens, dark 

 blinds, double doors and double windows, 

 with all properly and carefully fitted, we 

 have a stable which may be shut up prac- 

 tically air tight, and one that would be a 

 very unhealthy place for animals unless 

 provided with a good system of ventilation 



