320 BEGINNINGS IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 



and for cattle, from 38 to 45 inches wide and from 56 to 72 

 inches from the manger to the manure trench, according to 

 size of animal. Captain Hayes advocates stalls for horses 

 6 feet wide, 10 feet long and 10 high. Box stalls, or loose 

 boxes as some call them, should be about 10 by 12 feet in 

 size for horses and cattle; for the larger horses 12 by 12 feet 

 is better. For hogs and sheep, stalls are not made for indi- 

 vidual animals, but instead pens are built to hold several 

 head. The size of pens is a matter of choice. For hogs, 

 6 by 8 feet is about as small as they should be made. It is 

 better to have pens too large rather than too small. The 

 most popular flooring now in use is concrete, with a rough 

 surface. Plenty of bedding will keep such a floor dry and 

 comfortable. Two-inch planks, closely laid with a slight 

 fall toward the gutter, make excellent floors. 



Exercise for the breeding stock is very essential. This 

 promotes vigor and a good appetite. In fact, exercise is 

 essential for the best health of any animal. The driver of a 

 trotter looks after systematic, daily exercise, to keep his 

 horse in the right condition. So does the caretaker of a 

 heavy draft stallion see that his charge is exercised daily 

 with a walk of several miles. Professor Henry, discussing 

 exercise, says:* "The highly-fed colt should be out of 

 doors from 8 to 10 hours a day, and should move several 

 miles each day, either in the field, or on the track, or both. 

 A mature horse should be in the open air not less than 4 or 

 5 hours a day, and should travel from 10 to 15 miles daily 

 to maintain health." Captain Hayes recommends for a 

 sound horse three hours of exercise daily, or what would be 

 better, four, divided into two and one-half hours in the morn- 

 ing a,nd one and one-half in the afternoon. Bulls are ofter. 



*Feeda and Feeding, 1910, p. 298. 



