HORSES: THEIR POINTS AND MANAGEMENT 



The upper border of the shoulder blade has a flexible 

 plate of cartilage attached to it, and the lower angle of the 

 bone, a cup-shaped cavity for articulation, with the upper end 

 of the arm ^humerus), the two forming the shoulder joint. 

 The latter is spoken of as the " Point of the Shoulder." 



The junction of the shoulder, and neck, is very obvious in 

 many horses. If an oblique line be drawn from the withers 

 to the point of the elbow, and one from the former to the root 

 of the neck, the area occupied by the shoulder will be included 

 within these lines. The fore limbs have no bony attachments 

 to the trunk, it being a fleshy bond of union. 



The Arms. — It is surprising how few horsemen are 

 acquainted with the position a horse's arm occupies. The 

 arm corresponds to that portion of the aim ot man extending 

 from the shoulder to the elbow of the latter, its bony portion 

 being the humerus, extending from the point of the shoulder, 

 to its junction with the forearm, the point of the elbow being 

 formed from the last named (summit ot ulna) (olecranori 

 process). 



The Forearms. — Each forearm is composed of two bones, 

 viz., the radius in front, and the ulna behind, the latter being 

 the smaller bone. 



The forearm articulates with the arm .abpve, extending 

 to and articulating with the upper row of the bones ot the 

 knee. The forearms vary in their length and thickness, 

 according to breed and quality. On the inner sides, each 

 forearm bears a castor or chesnut, i.e., a horny prominence. 



The Knees. — The knees are formed partly by the lower 

 end of the radius, the carpal bones, and upper extremity of 

 the cannon, 



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