DRAINING. 37 



a fall of six inches in one thousand feet, and by deepening the 

 drains in the same proportion a fall of twelve inches was 

 obtained, and during a very dry summer the well was dug and 

 filled with cobble stones, and the minors connected with it. 

 One drain which could not be connected with the main was car- 

 ried under the highway, and connected with the brook at a 

 lower point. The expense of draining this field of eighteen 



acres was,* 



9600 1^ and 2 in. pipe tiles at 15.00, say 1.50.00 

 3400 4 iu. " " '• 45.00, " 150.00 



The expense in cash S300.00 

 51 days, work of 4 men, 6 days, work of 1 yoke of oxen. 



The stones used in filling the wells, were dug out of the drains, 

 and thrown to one side for that purpose. Much of the work 

 was done at odd spells during two years. The increase in the 

 crop paid the cash expense in two years, and the drainage is a 

 permanent improvement for fifty years to come. If a peat bog 

 had been at hand, a substitute for the clay tiles could have been 

 procured for less than half the above cash expense. After 

 careful measurement the positions for the drains should bo 

 staked out. 



In opening the drain, a plow may be run through both ways, 

 to turn over the turf and loosen the soil, and a sub-soil plow 

 may be often used to advantage for this purpose, unless pipe 

 tiles without collars are to be used, when the turf should be 

 carefully cut in sods and laid quite to one side, for use in 

 covering the joints. A drain to be three feet deep, may be 

 commenced two feet wide, while three feet will be necessary for 

 a four foot drain. Excavation must commence at the outlet, 



* Of course only a small proportion of the drains is shown in this 

 figure, but enough to show the general principles adopted. 



