48 HOW TO MAKE THE FARM PAY. 



Nearly every farmer m the country has a new farm under 

 the old one : indeed if the desire for more land could be changed 

 to a desire for deeper land, the number of acres under cultiva- 

 tion would soon be doubled. Eoot crops especially need deep 

 culture. Those who plow six or eight inches and never sub- 

 soil, have but little idea of the size to which carrots, turnips, 

 etc., will attain, when they have room to reach down. Try it. 

 There are two kinds of deep plowing ; trench plowing and sub- 

 soiling. The former often fails where the latter would be suc- 

 cessful. Trench plowing is deep plowing, and turning the 

 subsoil to the surface. This subsoil is often hard, cold, and 

 wet, and it takes two or three seasons of manuring and cultiva- 

 tion, to render it productive. It is this kind of deep plowing 

 which many have tried and condemned, for the reason above 

 ^stated. But subsoiling is deep plowing and pulverizing, and 

 stirring up the subsoil without raising it to the surface ; this is 

 always beneficial, except in the case of a very few sandy soils, 

 with no basis of clay subsoil. Stiff clay soils are most bene- 

 fitted by deep plowing after thorough draining, but when filled 

 with water, any kind of plowing in such soils is nearly useless. 

 A wet clay cannot be pulverized, any more than so much 

 dough. After a clay soil is drained, it should be plowed always 

 in the fall, in order that the action of the frost may pulverize it. 

 The later in the fall the better. Trench plowing on such land 

 through two inches of snow has proved to be the most success- 

 ful plowing we have ever done. 



There are four ways of plowing sod ground, known as 

 lapped furrow slices, flat furrow slices, round furrow slices, and 

 trenching. To make lapped furrow slices with the common 

 plow, shorten the traces, so as to just clear the heels of the 

 horses when turning round. Adjust the guide so that the plow 

 will run level and true, directly after the team. After turning. 



