392 HOW TO MAKE THE FARM PAY. 



develops his muscle, and improves his health. Have I not a 

 right to expect my herd to be benefited by such management ?" 



Bearing Calves has been spoken of in connection with 

 dairy stock, but we have a few words further to say. They 

 should always have enough food to satisfy their hunger, enough 

 pure water always at hand to satisfy their thirst, a comfortable, 

 warm, dry, and well bedded shelter, to which they can help 

 themselves whenever the weather is bad. For whatever pur- 

 pose the calf is to be raised, for beef, for work, or for the dairy, 

 these things will pay. If for veal, calves should have their 

 mothers' milk for four weeks, with meal added if they will take 

 it. We do not mean by this, that the calves should be allowed 

 to run with the cows and look out for themselves. The teats 

 are not evenly milked by the calf, and one or more of them are 

 likely to become worthless. The constant sucking also lessens 

 the future flow of milk. Males, not intended for breeding, 

 should be castrated young. Heifers intended for beef should be 

 spayed. Steers should be early accustomed to be fastened 

 together. Any time after six months a little gentle training 

 may be commenced. It is less labor to train them now, and 

 they will be more tractable and docile than if left to be two or 

 three years old. 



When they are first put into the cart, they should be driven 

 around the inside of some lot, next to the fence, which prevents 

 them from turning out in that direction, while you stand on the . 

 inside to keep them to their track. Never put steers to a 

 great heavy cart, unless your object is to make them slow. 

 Put them to a light cart and teach them to step quick, to walk 

 fast. 



Feeding Stock is the most important operation, in improved 

 farming; for the farmer feeding all his crops to his stock 

 depends upon them to turn it into manure and beef. He calcu- 



