ORCHARD CULTURE. 527 



The second method of propagation is by Grafting. This 

 differs only from "budding, in that it is the insertion of a stem 

 with several buds, called a scion, into the wood of the stock. 

 Scions should be cut in the autumn or winter, after the fall of 

 the leaf, from healthy, vigorous trees, and buried in dry sand, 

 on the north side of a wall or building, and a mound made over 

 them to shed the rain. The three common methods of grafting 

 are shown in Figs. 118, 119, and 120. The main points in 

 either are, that the cuts be perfectly smooth, that the inner bark 

 of the scion and the stock fit perfectly on one side, that they be 

 pressed tightly together, and that the whole be covered water 

 tight. The latter is accomplished by the use of grafting clay 

 or wax. Grafting clay is made by mixing one-third clear, fresh 

 horse dung with two-thirds clay and a little hair, thoroughly 

 be-aten together. Grafting wax is made of tallow, beeswax, and 

 resin, in equal parts. A larger proportion of tallow makes it 

 more pliable ; a larger proportion of resin and less tallow makes 

 a composition in which rags can be soaked and tied around the 

 graft. It is sometimes put on warm with a brush, or, if too 

 stifi' for that, worked in with the hands; any way to make it 

 water tight. Grafting can be performed on quite large limbs; and 

 if the farmer has vigorous trees bearing worthless fruit, a few 

 dollars spent in grafting, and a little time in pruning, will prove 

 abundantly profitable. 



EoOT Grafting is extensively practised by nurserymen 

 upon apple and quince stocks, as it can be done in the house in 

 Ihe winter. The seedlings, or cuttings that are to be root grafted, 

 are taken from their winter bed, a few at a time, grafted, and at 

 once returned. The stem is cut off at the collar, or the point 

 where it emerges from the ground, and the graft inserted in the 

 same manner as upon the stock. {See Figs. 118 and 120.) When 



