40 GuENON ON Milch Cows. 



In a revised edition of the essay, subsequently published, some import- 

 ant points were added. Here we arc told that '' the arteries supplying 

 the udder with blood are called the mammary arteries, and their ramifica- 

 tion does not extend beyond the outer surface of the udder. Further down 

 the aorta., or main artery, another pair of arteries branches off, called the 

 femoral arttries. These supply the muscles of the thigh, or what we know 

 as the rounds of beef, with blood, and ramify upon the portion of the es- 

 cutcheon lying between them. Still further down, another pair of arteries, 

 called the gluteal arteries, leave the aorta, and are distributed through 

 the pelvic region, and ramify upon the extreme upper portion of the es- 

 cutcheon. Here we have at least three distinct systems of arteries rami- 

 fying upon the escutcheon, and two of them most certainly have no con- 

 nection with the milk secretion whatever." 



Without attempting to point out all the errors of this description, we 

 will once more refer to Chauveau to settle the more important points. 

 The reader will find in that work that the femoral arteries have a branch 

 called the pre-pubic, which in turn has a In-anch called the external pudic, 

 from which the mammary artery branches. It will also be found that the 

 mammary artery '' sends several divisions to the tissue of the udder, and 

 is prolonged between the thighs by a perineal branch, which terminates in 

 the inferior commissure of the vulva, after having furnished glandular and 

 cutaneous divisions." Turning to the description of the gluteal arteries, 

 we find that they ramify in I he gluteal muscles, which are at a consid- 

 erable distance from the perineum, and that nothing is said of their going 

 to the last named part. 



Here, then, is complete and positive refutation of these arguments — not 

 by meie statements of my own, but by the words of a standard work, of 

 world-wide reputation, on the anatomy of these animals. Magne's facts 

 are correct, then, whether his inferences are or not. The same artery that 

 supplies the udder with blood supplies the skin on which the escutcheon is 

 formed ; and, more than this, the artery ramifies in the direction in which 

 the hair of the escutcheon grows. Is there any connection between the 

 two for all that ? Who knows ? A point or two to show that such a con- 

 nection IS not beyond the possible may still be in place. 



Erasmus Wilson, who has made a specialty of the skin and its diseases, 

 shows that the direction of the hairs on the anterior surface of the human 

 body iv, commencing at a point near the arm-pit, downwards and slightly 

 inwards towards the umbilicus, and that below this point the direction is 

 upwards and inwards ; so that the umbilicus '• is the center of convergence 

 of four streams," as he expresses it. 



Now this disposition, complicated though it is, certainly resembles that 

 of the arteries — the branches from the axillary artery passing downwards 

 and inwards, while the epigastric arteries branch from the femorals near 

 the groin, and have a direction upwards and inwards. On the neck, the 

 direction of the hair is upwards and backwards ; in front of the ear, it is 

 downwards and forwards ; behind the ear, it is backwards — in each case 

 following the arterial ramifications. In addition, Tisserant and others in 

 France, who stand high as authorities, admit that the escutcheon continues 

 to increase in relative surface till the second or third milking — that is, 

 till the development of the udder, and, consequently, of the vessels sup- 

 plying it have reached their highest point. 



In some cases, it must be confessed, the correspondence in question ap- 

 parently does not exist, but rather the opposite ; and as the mammary ar- 

 tery has substantially the same distribution with horses as with cattle, we 



