viii ENGLISH FARMING 



CHAPTER IV. 



TURNIP TOWNSHEND AND THE NORFOLK SYSTEM. 



PAGE 

 1700-60 the Golden Age of Agricultural Classes, followed by 

 Period of Corresponding Adversity — Reaction during First 

 Half of the Century from Pasture to Tillage, from Sheep to 

 Arable Farming, from Encouragement of Wool to Bounties 

 on Corn — Suffolk and Essex the Best Types of 17th Century 

 Farming — Townshend's System revolutionises the Agriculture 

 of Norfolk, and, through Norfolk, of England — Cultivation of 

 Turnips and Clover 38 



CHAPTER V. 



BAKEWELL AND THE GRAZIER's ART. 



Improvements effected in Breed of Sheep and Cattle by Bakewell 

 — His extraordinary Success with Sheep, and comparative 

 Failure with Cattle — His Imitators : Ellman and Jonas Webb, 

 Collin gs, Tomkins, and Quartley 48 



CHAPTER VI. 



ARTHUR YOUNG AND THE DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE. 



Vast Tracts of Waste and Unenclosed Land ; Leases practically 

 unknown; Ignorance and Prejudices of Farmers; Difficulties 

 of Communication rendered almost insuperable by Condition 

 of Roads ; Traditional Practices regarded as Agricultural 

 Heirlooms — Early Life of Arthur Young; his Exertions to 

 remove Obstacles to Progress of Agriculture .... 55 



CHAPTER VII. 



ENCLOSURES OF OPEN FIELDS AND COMMONS FROM 1770 TO 



1820. 



Second Agricultural Crisis — Enclosure of Wastes or Open Fields, 

 and Consolidation of Holdings an Economic Necessity owing 

 to Growth of Manufacturing Population — Impossibihty of in- 

 troducing new Agricultural Methods among Open-field 

 Farmers — Reports of Board of Agriculture, 1793 — Enclosure 

 of Commons indispensable for increased Supply of Food, but 

 often injurious to Interests of Poor 64 



