PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. xx i 



THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALITY. 



Vol. I. 



Part I. The Data of Morality. — Generalizations fur- 

 nished by Biology, Psychology and Sociology, which underlie 

 a true theory of right living: in other words, the elements of 

 that equilibrium between constitution and conditions of ex- 

 istence, which is at once the moral ideal and the limit towards 

 which we are progressing. 



II. The Inductions of Morality. — Those empirically- 

 established rules of human action which are registered as es- 

 sential laws by all civilized nations: that is to say — the gen- 

 eralizations of expediency. 



III. Personal Morals. — The principles of private con- 

 duct — physical, intellectual, moral and religious — that follow 

 from the conditions to complete individual life: or, what is 

 the same thing — those modes of private action which must 

 result from the eventual equilibration of internal desires and 

 external needs. 



Vol. II. 



IV. Justice. — The mutual limitations of men's actions 

 necessitated by their co-existence as units of a society — limita- 

 tions, the perfect observance of which constitutes that state 

 of equilibrium forming the goal of political progress. 



V. Negative Beneficence. — Those secondary limita- 

 tions, similarly necessitated, which, though less important and 

 not cognizable by law, are yet requisite to prevent mutual 

 destruction of happiness in various indirect ways: in other 

 words — those minor self-restraints dictated by what may be 

 called passive sympathy. 



VI. Positive Beneficence. — Comprehending all modes 

 of conduct, dictated by active sympathy, which imply pleasure 

 in giving pleasure — modes of conduct that social adaptation 

 has induced and must render ever more general; and which, 



