THE LAW OF EVOLUTION. 327 



a single one, slowly completes itself by destroying the origi- 

 nal lines of demarcation. And it may be further remarked 

 of the European nations as a whole, that in the tendency to 

 form alliances more or less lasting, in the restraining influ- 

 ences exercised by the several governments over one an- 

 other, in the system, now becoming customary, of settling 

 international disputes by congresses, as well as in the break- 

 ing down of commercial barriers and the increasing facilities 

 of communication, we may trace the beginnings of a Euro- 

 pean federation — a still larger integration than any now 

 established. 



But it is not only in these external unions of groups with 

 groups, and of the compound groups with one another, that 

 the general law is exemplified. It is exemplified also in 

 unions that take place internally, as the groups become 

 more highly organized. There are two orders of these, 

 which may be broadly distinguished as regulative and opera- 

 tive. A civilized society is made unlike a barba- 

 rous one by the establishment of regulative classes — gov- 

 ernmental, administrative, military, ecclesiastical, legal, 

 &c, which, while they have their several special bonds of 

 union, constituting them sub-classes, are also held together 

 as a general class by a certain community of privileges, 

 of blood, of education, of intercourse. In some societies, 

 fully developed after their particular types, this consolida- 

 tion into castes, and this union among the upper castes by 

 separation from the lower, eventually grow very de- 

 cided: to be afterwards rendered less decided, only in 

 cases of social metamorphosis caused by the industrial 

 regime. The integrations that accompany the 

 operative or industrial organization, later in origin, are not 

 merely of this indirect kind, but they are also direct — 

 they show us physical approach. We have integrations 

 consequent on the simple growth of adjacent parts perform- 

 ing like functions; as, for instance, the junction of Man- 

 chester with its calico-weaving suburbs. We have other 



