460 THE MULTIPLICATION OF EFFECTS. 



come so far distinct as to produce unstable hybrids. More- 

 over through the complication of effects flowing from single 

 causes, we here find, what we before inferred, not only an 

 increase of general heterogeneity, but also of special het- 

 erogeneity. While of the divergent divisions and subdi- 

 visions of the human race, many have undergone changes 

 not constituting an advance; others have become decid- 

 edly more heterogeneous. The civilized European departs 

 more widely from the vertebrate archetype than does the 

 savage. 



§ 160. A sensation does not expend itself in arousing 

 some single state of consciousness; but the state of con- 

 sciousness aroused is made up of various represented sensa- 

 tions connected by co-existence, or sequence with the pre- 

 sented sensation. And that, in proportion as the grade of 

 intelligence is high, the number of ideas suggested is great, 

 may be readily inferred. Let us, however, look at the proof 

 that here too, each change is the parent of many changes; 

 and that the multiplication increases in proportion as the 

 area affected is complex. 



Were some hitherto unknown bird, driven say by stress 

 of weather from the remote north, to make its appearance on 

 our shores, it would excite no speculation in the sheep or cat- 

 tle amid which it alighted: a perception of it as a creature 

 like those constantly flying about, would be the sole inter- 

 ruption of that dull current of consciousness which accom- 

 panies grazing and rumination. The cow-herd, by whom we 

 may suppose the exhausted bird to be presently caught, 

 would probably gaze at it with some slight curiosity, as being 

 unlike any he had before seen — would note its most con- 

 spicuous markings, and vaguely ponder on the questions, 

 where it came from, and how it came. The village bird- 

 stuffer would have suggested to him by the sight of it, sun- 

 dry forms to which it bore a little resemblance; would re- 

 ceive from it more numerous and more specific impressions 



