464 THE MULTIPLICATION OP EFFECTS. 



his mats or his fishing-gear, must make other mats or fish- 

 ing-gear for himself; and in so doing must, in some degree, 

 further develop his aptitude. Thus it results that the small 

 specialities of faculty possessed by various members of the 

 tribe will tend to grow more decided. If such transactions 

 are from time to time repeated, these specializations may 

 become appreciable. And whether or not there ensue dis- 

 tinct differentiations of other individuals into makers of 

 particular articles, it is clear that incipient differentiations 

 take place throughout the tribe : the one original cause pro- 

 duces not only the first dual effect, but a number of second- 

 ary dual effects, like in kind but minor in degree. This 

 process, of which traces may be seen among groups of 

 school-boys, cannot well produce a lasting distribution of 

 functions in an unsettled tribe; but where there grows up 

 a fixed and multiplying community, such differentiations 

 become permanent, and increase with each generation. An 

 addition to the number of citizens, involving a greater de- 

 mand for every commodity, intensifies the functional activ- 

 ity of each specialized person or class; and this renders the 

 specialization more definite where it already exists, and 

 establishes it where it is but nascent. By increasing the 

 pressure on the means of subsistence, a larger population 

 again augments these results; since every individual is 

 forced more and more to confine himself to that which he 

 can do best, and by which he can gain most. And this 

 industrial progress, by aiding future production, opens the 

 way for further growth of population, which reacts as be- 

 fore. Presently, under the same stimuli, new occu- 

 pations arise. Competing workers, severally aiming to pro- 

 duce improved articles, occasionally discover better processes 

 or better materials. In weapons and cutting-tools, the sub- 

 stitution of bronze for stone entails on him who first makes 

 it, a great increase of demand — so great an increase that he 

 presently finds all his time occupied in making the bronze 

 for the article he sells, and is obliged to depute the fashion- 



