SEGREGATION. 491 



with the medical men; there are not wanting Operative 

 Builders Unions, and Grocers Societies, and Medical Asso- 

 ciations, to show that these artificially-assimilated citizens 

 become integrated as much as the conditions permit. And 

 where, as among the manufacturing classes, the functions 

 discharged do not require the dispersion of the citizens thus 

 artificially assimilated, there is a progressive aggregation of 

 them in special localities; and a consequent increase in the 

 definiteness of the industrial divisions. If now we 



seek the causes of these segregations, considered as results 

 of force and motion, we find ourselves brought to the same 

 general principle as before. This likeness generated in any 

 class or sub-class by training, is an aptitude acquired by its 

 members for satisfying their wants in like ways. That is, the 

 occupation to which each man has been brought up, has be- 

 come to him, in common with those similarly brought up, a 

 line of least resistance. Hence under that pressure which 

 determines all men to activity, these similarly-modified 

 social units are similarly affected, and tend to take similar 

 courses. If then there be any locality which, either by its 

 physical peculiarities or by peculiarities wrought on it 

 during social evolution, is rendered a place where a certain 

 kind of industrial action meets with less resistance than else- 

 where; it follows from the law of direction of motion that 

 those social units who have been moulded to this kind of 

 industrial action, will move towards this place, or become 

 integrated there. If, for instance, the proximity of coal and 

 iron mines to a navigable river, gives to Glasgow a certain 

 advantage in the building of iron ships — if the total labour 

 required to produce the same vessel, and get its equivalent 

 in food and clothing, is less there than eleswhere; a con- 

 centration of iron-ship builders is produced at Glasgow: 

 either by keeping there the population born to iron-ship 

 building; or by immigration of those elsewhere engaged in 

 it; or by both — a concentration that would be still more 

 marked did not other districts offer counter-balancing facili- 



