586 APPENDIX. 



had a distinctive garb; now all such distinctions, save with 

 the priest and the soldier, have almost disappeared among 

 men." But while for a reason to be presently pointed out, there 

 has occurred a change which has abolished one order of dif- 

 ferences, differences of another order, far more multitudinous, 

 have arisen. Nothing is more striking than the extreme 

 heterogeneity of dress at the present day. As Mr. Leslie 

 alleges, the dresses of those forming each class were once 

 all alike; now no two dresses are alike. Within the vague 

 limits of the current fashion, the degree of variety in wom- 

 en's costumes is infinite; and even men's costumes, though 

 having average resemblances, diverge from one another 

 in colours, materials, and detailed forms in innumerable 

 ways. 



Other instances given by Mr. Leslie concern the organiza- 

 tions for carrying on production and distribution. He argues 

 that— 



" In the industrial world a generation ago a constant movement to- 

 wards a differentiation of employments and functions appeared ; now 

 some marked tendencies to their amalgamation have begun to disclose 

 themselves. Joint Stock Companies have almost effaced all real division 

 of labour in the wide region of trade within their operation." 



Here, as before, Mr. Leslie represents amalgamation as equiva- 

 lent to increase of homogeneity; whereas amalgamation is but 

 another name for integration, which is the primary process of 

 Evolution, and which may, and does, go along with increas- 

 ing heterogeneity in the amalgamated things. It cannot be 

 said that a Joint Stock Banking Company, with its proprie- 

 tory and directors in addition to its officers, contains fewer 

 unlike parts than does a private Banking establishment: the 

 contrary must be said. A Eailway Company has far more 

 numerous functionaries with different duties, than had the 

 one, or the many, coaching establishments it replaced. And 

 then, apart from the fact that the larger aggregate of co-opera- 

 tors who, as a Company, carry on, say a process of manufacture, 

 is more complex as well as more extensive; there is the fact, 

 here chiefly to be noted, that the entire assemblage of indus- 

 trial structures is, by the addition of these new structures, 

 made more heterogeneous than before. Had all the smaller 

 manufacturing establishments, carried on by individuals or 

 firms, been destroyed, the contrary might have been alleged; 

 but as it is, we see that in addition to all the old forms there 

 have come these new forms, making the totality of them more 



