APPENDIX. 537 



multiform than before. Mr. Leslie further illustrates his 

 interpretation by saying: — 



" Many of the things for sale in a village huckster's shop were formerly 

 the subjects of distinct branches of business in a large town : now the 

 wares in which scores of different retailers dealt, are all to be had in great 

 establishments in New York, Paris, and London, which sometimes buy 

 direct from the producers, thus also eliminating the wholesale dealer." 



Eeplies akin to the preceding ones are readily made. The first 

 is that wholesale dealers have not been at present eliminated; 

 and cannot be so long as the ordinary shopkeepers survive, 

 as they will certainly do. In the smaller places, forming the 

 great majority of places, these vast establishments cannot 

 exist; and in them, shopkeepers carrying on business as at 

 present, will continue to necessitate wholesale dealers. Even 

 in large places the same thing will hold. It is only people 

 of a certain class, able to pay ready money and willing to go 

 great distances to purchase, who frequent these large estab- 

 lishments. Those who live from hand to mouth, and those 

 who prefer to buy at adjacent places, will maintain a certain 

 proportion of shops, and the wholesale distributing organiza- 

 tion needed for them. Again, we have to note that one of these 

 great stores, such as Whiteley's or Shoolbred's, does not with- 

 in itself display any advance towards homogeneity or de-spe- 

 cialization; for it is made up of many separate departments, 

 with their separate heads, carrying on businesses substantially 

 separate — all superintended by one owner. It is nothing but 

 an aggregate of shops under one roof instead of under the 

 many roofs covering the side of a street; and exhibits just as 

 much heterogeneity as the shops do when arranged in line 

 instead of massed together. That which it really illustrates 

 is a new form of integration, which is the primary evolution- 

 ary process. And then, lastly, comes the fact that the dis- 

 tributing organization of the country, considered as a whole, 

 is by the addition of these establishments made more hetero- 

 geneous than before. All the old types of trading concerns 

 continue to exist; and here are new types added, making the 

 entire assemblage of them more varied. 



From these objections made by Mr. Leslie which I have 

 endeavoured to show result from misapprehensions, I pass to 

 two others which are to be met by taking account of certain 

 complicating facts liable to be overlooked. Mr. Leslie re- 

 marks that: — 



" In the early stages of social progress, again, a differentiation takes 

 place, as Mr. Spencer has observed, between political and industrial f unc- 



