APPENDIX. 589 



old organization while the new organization is becoming dis- 

 tinct, leading to transitory anomalies of structure; so, during 

 the metamorphoses undergone by a society in which the mili- 

 tant activities and structures are dwindling while the indus- 

 trial are growing, the old and new arrangements must be min- 

 gled in a perplexing way. On reading the chapter in the 

 Principles of Sociology which I have named, Mr. Leslie will 

 see that the above facts referred to by him, are interpretable 

 as consequent on the transition from that type of regulative 

 organization proper to militant life, to that type of regulative 

 organization proper to industrial life; and that so long as 

 these two modes of life, utterly alien in their natures, have to 

 be jointly carried on, there will continue this jumbling of the 

 regulative systems they respectively require. 



The second of the objections above noted as needing to be 

 otherwise dealt with than by further explanation of the for- 

 mula of Evolution, concerns the increase of likeness among 

 developing systems of Civil Law; in proof of which increase 

 of likeness Mr. Leslie quotes Sir Henry Maine to the effect 

 that ' all laws, however dissimilar in their infancy, tend to 

 resemble each other in their maturity : ' the implication to 

 which Mr. Leslie draws attention, being that in respect of 

 their laws societies become not more heterogeneous but more 

 homogeneous. Now though in their details, systems of Law 

 will, I think, be found to acquire as they evolve, an increasing 

 number of differences from one another; yet in their cardinal 

 traits it is probably true that they usually approximate. How 

 far this militates against the formula of Evolution, we shall 

 best see by first considering the analogy furnished by animal 

 organisms. Low down in the animal kingdom there are simple 

 molluscs with but rudimentary nervous systems — a ganglion 

 or two and a few fibres. Diverging from this low type we have 

 the great sub-kingdom constituted by the higher Mollusca 

 and the still greater sub-kingdom constituted by the Verte- 

 brata. As these two types evolve, their nervous systems de- 

 velop; and though in the highest members of the two they 

 remain otherwise unlike, yet they approximate in so far that 

 each acquires great nervous centres: the large cephalopods 

 have clustered ganglia which simulate brains. Compare, again, 

 the Mollusca and the Articulata in respect of their vascular 

 systems. Fundamentally unlike as these are originally, and 

 remaining unlike as they do throughout many successive 

 stages of ascent in these two sub-kingdoms, they nevertheless 



