APPENDIX. 593 



In which sentences it is distinctly stated' that I have through- 

 out regarded Matter under the form present to consciousness, 

 as a symbol — a certain conditioned effect wrought in us by 

 the Unknown Power; and I have gone on to say that " the 

 interpretation of all phenomena in terms of Matter, Motion, 

 and Force, is nothing m'ore than the reduction of our complex 

 symbols of thought, to the simplest symbols; and when the 

 equation has been brought to its lowest terms the symbols 

 remain symbols still." 



It will scarcely be believed, and yet it is true, that not- 

 withstanding all this, Mr. Guthrie ascribes to me the vulgar 

 conceptions of Matter and Motion; argues as though I really 

 think they are in themselves what they seem to our conscious- 

 ness; and proceeds to criticize my views on this assumption. 

 He ignores the conspicuous fact that Matter and Motion are 

 both regarded by me as modes of manifestation of Force, and 

 that Force as we are conscious of it when by our own efforts 

 we produce changes, is the correlative of that Universal Power 

 which transcends consciousness. And then he ends the criti- 

 cisms forming the second part of his work by saying " if this 

 is not materialistic I do not know what is." He does not do 

 this by inadvertence, though there would be little excuse even 

 then; but he does it deliberately and with his eyes open. His 

 next chapter begins: — 



" It will have been observed that in the preceding part of this criticism 

 I have employed the term ' matter in motion,' and have avoided the use of 

 the word ' force,' although it appears so prominently in the pages of Mr. 

 Spencer's work. This has not been accidental, but by design, indicating 

 as it does one of my main criticisms of Mr. Spencer. 



I can logically take up one of two positions. The first recognises 

 matter, whose properties are merely those of extension, which are capable 

 of being described in terms of geometry and arithmetic. I can also recog- 

 nise as the sole active properties of matter its modes and rates of motion 

 — the motion, that is to say, of ultimate units, atoms, molecules, or 

 masses, also capable of measurement. 



The second position recognises matter and its activity or activities — 

 matter as endowed with force or forces." 



Thus it will be observed that having avowedly dealt with 

 Matter and Motion as modes of Force, I am " by design " criti- 

 cized as though I had not so dealt with them. Having dis- 

 tinctly said what I mean by Matter and Motion, I am prac- 

 tically told that I shall not mean that, but shall mean what 

 Mr. Guthrie means; and shall be dealt with accordingly. And 

 then, further, it will be observed that of the two positions 

 which Mr. Guthrie lays down as possible, and proceeds to 



