DISEASES or THE PEAR TREE ] 245 



the receptacle or young fruit, and feeds upon the kernels, 

 tunnelling around the core. As a rule only one egg 

 is laid in each flower. The fruit goes on with its 

 normal course of development, but when it has nearly 

 reached full size begins to drop off, often however 

 remaining on the tree until full maturity. In the mean- 

 time the larva of the codling moth will have made 

 a tunnel through the substance of the fruit with an 

 opening close to the calyx of the fruit or at the sides 

 in the case of fruits touching each other in the same 

 cluster. When it has reached full size, the larva comes 

 out of this opening and drops to the ground or crawls 

 down to the trunk of the tree, and hides in the fissures 

 of the bark where it undergoes its metamorphosis. Not 

 all pears are equally liable to the ravages of the 

 codling moth. Some sorts maturing in early summer 

 such as Malta June Pear are often badly attacked, while 

 other sorts maturing at the same time and growing 

 side by side with that variety hardly show traces of 

 disease. Fondante des Bois and Beurre Superfin are 

 also frequently visited by the moth, but Clapp's Favourite, 

 De TAssomption and other pears of the same period 

 generally escape. So also the Malta Angelica is often 

 severely affected, while Duchesse d'Angouleme, Belle 

 Guerandaise, St. Michel Archange etc. never suffer. The 

 winter pears are sometimes visited by the moth, but 

 of these only Olivier de Serres is liable to attacks of 

 some severity, the others are rarely visited, and in 

 their case the parasite seems to exhaust itself, and the 

 pear heals and matures in due course, although the 

 kernels had been eaten away and there is a small 

 mouldy cavity at the core with just a suspicion of 

 an obliterated tunnel to the calyx, showing the way 

 taken by the tiny grub when it penetrated into- the 

 fruit. The remedial measures may be directed against 

 the chrysalis when it is hybernating in its tiny cocoon 

 in the crevices of the bark, or against the winged insect 

 when in the process of depositing the eggs in the calyx. 



