PEANUT BY-PRODUCTS 117 



High-grade by-products should have a light whitish-gray ground color 

 sprinkled with the reddish particles of broken seed coats. Spoiled ma- 

 terial has a yellowish or brownish color and a sharp, moldy, rancid taste 

 and smell, while the odor of the fresh material resembles that of -beans. 



The better grades of peanut by-products^° contain 48 per cent of 

 crude protein (of which 39 to 45 per cent is digestible albumen), 8 per 

 cent crude fat, 5 per cent crude fiber and 1 per cent sand in the so-called 

 German product, while the Marseilles peanut cake and meal usually 

 contain from 2 to 3 per cent of sand. The starch value varies between 

 76 and 77.5 per cent. 



High-grade peanut cake is wholesome and has a high digestive coef- 

 ficient. Decomposed or rancid material, however, has frequently been 

 observed to have caused violent poisoning with symptoms of digestive 

 disorders and paralysis. In the case of peanut by-products, special 

 stress should be put on the importance of fresh, uncontaminated material. 



Adulterations usually consist of peanut hulls and seed coats (so- 

 called peanut hull meal, a greenish powder, hardly of equal value to 

 straw), poppy seeds, niger seeds, castor beans, mustard, rapeseed by- 

 products, rice hulls, various kinds of seed skins, grain screenings, etc. 



Peanut meal or cake is fed in daily quantities not exceeding 4 pounds 

 to milk cows and fattening cattle, 3 pounds for horses (as substitute for 

 6 to 8 pounds of oats), and not to exceed 1 to 1.5 pounds for sheep and 

 fattening swine. Smaller quantities may be fed as supplementary feeds 

 to young stock. 



Cotton seed by-products.— Origin : Several species of cotton, belong- 

 ing to the Malvaceae, Gossypiiun arboreum, G. barbadense, G. herbaceum, 

 G. hirsutum, G. peruvianum, G. religiosum. (Fig. 51.) 



Cottonseed is surrounded by a feltwork of cotton fiber which is in- 

 timately united with the seed coat. After removal of the cotton, which 

 consists of filaments varying in length from 1 to 4 cm. and shorter ones 

 varying in length from 0.5 to 3 cm., there remains the naked oval seed, 

 about the size of a pea, consisting of a brittle, blackish brown seed coat 

 and a loosely inclosed oily seed kernel. The nutritive value of cotton- 

 seed hulls is about the same as that of wheat chaff. American cotton- 

 seed meal containing the hulls is usually coarse in character and un- 

 evenly mixed with cotton fiber. In Germany these fibers are removed 

 and the meal is reground and put on the market as "German double- 

 screened and defibrinated meal." 



Cottonseed oil is derived from the whole or the decorticated cotton 

 seeds, either by means of hydraulic pressure or extracting (dissolving) 

 fluids. The cake from the whole seeds has a greenish yellow ground 



iSBut little peanut meal is sold in the United States and that which is sold is chiefly froin 

 unhulled nuts, containing about 28 per cent crude protein and 23 per cent fiber. (Henry and 

 Morrison, Feeds and Feeding — 1916.) — Translator. 



